Listeria monocytogenes Essay -- Essays Papers

Listeria monocytogenesIntroductionListeria monocytogenes, a motile, gram-positive rod, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen capable of causing listeriosis in humans. Listeriosis includes manifestations of sept shabumia, meningitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis. L. monocytogenes is as well as implicated in miscarriages, stillbirth, and premature birth for pregnant women. L. monocytogenes is a tough bacterium resistant to freezing, drying, and heat near strains have been shown to be pathogenic. It is hypothesized that 1-10% of humans are intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Over 37 mammalian species, including wild and domestic animals, are capable of L. monocytogenes infection and transmission. Extensive environmental reservoirs for L. monocytogenes include soil, water, vegetation, sewage, silage, and the intestinal tract of various animals.EncounterL. monocytogenes is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The bacterium is associated with raw milk, cheeses, ( particularly soft varieties) ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, and raw and smoked fish. It is capable of growing at temperatures as low as 3C allowing multiplication in refrigerated foods, making L. monocytogenes infection particularly hard to avoid. The infective dose has not been determined, but is believed to vary with the susceptibility of the individual. It may be less than kB bacterium in the immuno-compromised individual.Entry, Multiplication, and SpreadL. monocytogenes initially gains access to the body through the gastrointestinal tract but is capable of infecting the blood through monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The bacterium is also capable of infe... ...s system involvement, the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems.WorldwideApproximately 2,500 cases of listeriosis are reported every year in the United States. This includes 500 preventable deaths. L. monocytogenes out breaks are still occurring worldwide. Recently, in 2002 contaminated turkey deli meat caused a US outbreak along the east coast and contaminated cheese caused an outbreak in British Columbia. Outbreaks over the past twenty years have involved contaminated chocolate milk, shrimp, lunchmeats, and cheese. A California outbreak in 1985 was due to contaminated Mexican-style cheese. This outbreak led to numerous stillbirths resulting in the monitoring of cheeses by the FDA. Fortunately, according to a study through by The US Department of Health and Human Services, infections with L. monocytogenes have decreased 35 % from 1996 to 2002.

Listening is a Form of Love Essay -- Personal Narrative

Listening is a Form of LoveListening backside be defined as the act of hearing attentively. Love can be defined as a strong redilection or enthusiasm. Listening is indeed a form of love. In my opinion, when you listen to someone or something, that means you are interested in what is being said. I also think listening is a form of caring and of respect. You may care about the person you are listening to or what you are listening to. Listening to a family member can be a form of love. For example, my great-grandfather, Nathaniel Hudson, 92, feels very lonely now because he lives in a nursing home and his family only comes to see him once or twice weekly. He does not really have anyone to talk to. When he comes to my house on the weekends, he is very talkative, telling me everything about his childhood. Most of the cartridge clip he is boring and he repeats himself often, but I know it is because of his age. It is difficult for him to hear me when I respond to him. However, just by me taking a some minutes to listen to his stories makes him feel good because he had someone to talk to. I made hi...

Controlling Computers With Neu :: essays research papers

In the classic science-fiction movie Forbidden Planet,space travelers from Earth land on a far-flung planet, where theyencounter the remnants of a technologically advancedcivilization. Even though they are not from this distant planet,the space travelers are able to communicate with one of the exotic reckoners. They do this by connecting themselves to glowing headprobes. By doing this the space travelers thoughts and feelingsare directly conveyed to the alien computer over a spooky link.In the science-fiction movie The Matrix, the world isrun by machines that use humans as batteries so sustainthemselves. A group of humans brake the reach of the machines andbegin to wage a war on their metallic oppressors. These peopleare able to fight the machines with the back up of computers. Eachone of these people has a jack in the back of his or her headthat is connected to a computer. By doing this, the people areable to turn their thoughts, such as escape bullets and knowingKung-Fu, int o reality.The idea of people having their minds linked tocomputers has appeared throughout works of science-fiction. Theway this idea works is very simple. A person thinks of a commandand the computer immediately responds. Thought recognitionwould be the ultimate computer interface, the machine acting asan extension of the human nervous system itself.(Lusted, Hugh S.and Knapp, R. Benjamin dictatorial Computers with flighty SignalsScientific American, October 1996) This technology would provevery useful for people with neuromuscular handicaps. The purposeof this paper is to show how controlling computers with neuralsignals will help make life easier for people with handicaps andhow it will affect the future.Computer technology has advanced considerably in thelast forty years. Even with all these advances, constructing aversatile neural junction between a human brain and an electronicone remains a formidable challenge.(Lusted, Hugh S. and Knapp, R.Benjamin Controlling Computers with Neural Signals ScientificAmerican, October 1996) Attempts to tie the nervous system toexternal electronic circuits are, however, well worth pursuing. The results may provide means for effortless communication withcomputers.The closest involvement to computer thought recognition rightnow is voice recognition. Voice recognition software has been indevelopment since the 1950s. This software has been availableand affordable for the bypast three or four years to the generalpublic. The purpose of voice recognition software is to allowthe user to dictate words into a mike that are transformedinto either text for word processing or commands for navigation,without the use of a keyboard.(Communication Technology forDisabled Persons. Erich E. Sutter in Handbook of Amyotrophic

The Fantasy World of The Glass Menagerie :: Glass Menagerie essays

The Fantasy World of The Glass Menagerie         In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams creates a world in whichthe characters are disillusioned by the present.  Amanda, Tom, and Lauraachieve this disillusionment by resorting to separate worlds where they canfind sanctuary.  Each character develops their own world, farthermost away fromreality.         Amanda frees herself from the harsh realities of invigoration by constantlyreminding herself of the past.  To begin with, she continuously repeats thestory of the one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain when she veritableseventeen gentlemen callers (1195).  Furthermore, she keeps a larger-than-life-size photograph of her husband over the mantel who left the familywhen the children were young. When Jim came over for dinner, Amanda wearsthe girlish frock of yellowed voile with a blue silk stays that she woreon the day she met her husband (1222).  A manda obsesses with the past, andat the same time damaging the children psychologically.                      Constant allusions to the past have psychologicallyaffected Tom and Laura, trapping them into Amanda$BCT(J deep in thought(p) world.  Tomand Laura fail to survive in the present because they are always trying tolive through the past.  However, the past no longer exists, causing them inconvenience in their journey through life.  Tom is unsuccessful with his jobat the warehouse and Laura cannot seem to fit in with the outside world.These personal downfalls in life drive Tom into a life of verse and movies,and Laura into a world of glass figurines.         Tom is unsatisfied with his work at the warehouse and feels hislife lacks adventure.  Therefore, he finds it through writing poetry andwatching movies.  When business is slow at the shoe wareho use, Tom goes tothe washroom to work on his poetry.  Tom finds adventure in poetry becausehe is able to create and control his own world.  Along with poetry, Tomretreats to the movies every evening to fulfill his adventurous nature.Amanda questions Tom, why do you go to the movies so much, Tom?  Tomreplies, I go to the movies because$BM*(J like adventure.  Adventure issomething I don$BCU(J have much of at work, so I go to the movies(1210).Tom$BCT(J obsessions with adventure leaves him no time or energy toconcentrate on his present responsibilities at work.  Therefore, he leavesAmanda and Laura for the Merchant Marines, a place where he can live outhis dreams for adventure.  However, he cannot forget Laura, I tried toleave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be(1247).         Lauras problem, according to Jim, is her inferiority complex

William Shakespeare :: English Literature

William ShakespeareThe GlobeWilliam Shakespeare was one of the most famous play writers of alltime. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in Eng get more(prenominal) than fourhundred long time ago. At the young age of eighteen Shakespeare wedd awoman by the name of Anne Hathaway whom was eight days older thanhim. Together they had a daughter called Susanna and twins Hamnet andJudith.Shakespeare decided to start traveling and to go to London. Luckilyfor Shakespeare just before he went to London, theatres had beenopened for travelling actors for they werent respected and a man bythe name of James Burbage wanted to change that. He did this so thatactors could gain more dignity. This led to the primary public play kinbeing built in England. This playhouse was a great success and wasvery popular so gradually more and more were built.In a playhouse there were three tiers of galleries which looked downto the tread where most of the audience stood. For it was only a pennyto stand in the ya rd whereas in the gallery benches it was two pence.To sit on cushions in the gentlemens rooms it was three pence and forsix pence the well-off would sit in the Lords room. The stage came bulgeinto the yard and was open to the sky. Over the back of the stage ranan upper stage and beneath the upper stage was what was known as thetiring house. The tiring house was dissembleed from the audience by acurtain which would be drawn back to reveal an inner stage. Therewerent any large curtains to conceal the whole stage so all scenes onthe main stage began with an entrance and ended with an exit so intragedies the dead must be carried away. The fact that there was noscenery meant that there were no limits to the number of scenes aswhen a scene came to an end then the characters would just simply yield the scene.The audiences loved Shakespeares plays. Hundreds of people wouldsqueeze into the theatre with their food and drink to watch. Sadly adeadly plague interrupted the theatres success and meant that for twoyears all playhouses were closed. During this time Shakespeare wroteseveral plays and two long poems.In 1597 the theatre was forced to close after twenty one years for itwas on rented land and the agreement with the landowner had ended. Thelandowner wanted to keep the playhouse to himself and to reuse itsvaluable oak timber but that wasnt the plan of the two brothers who

William Shakespeare :: English Literature

William ShakespeareThe GlobeWilliam Shakespeare was one of the most famous play writers of alltime. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England to a greater extent than fourhundred days ago. At the young age of eighteen Shakespeare wedd awoman by the reference of Anne Hathaway whom was eight years older thanhim. Together they had a daughter called Susanna and twins Hamnet andJudith.Shakespeare decided to start travelling and to go to London. Luckilyfor Shakespeare erect before he went to London, theatres had beenopened for travelling actors for they werent respected and a man bythe name of James Burbage wanted to change that. He did this so thatactors could gain more dignity. This led to the first public playhousebeing built in England. This playhouse was a great conquest and wasvery popular so bit by bit more and more were built.In a playhouse there were three tiers of galleries which looked downto the yard where most of the audience stood. For it was only a pennyto subscrib e in the yard whereas in the gallery benches it was two pence.To sit on cushions in the gentlemens rooms it was three pence and forsix pence the well-off would sit in the Lords room. The stage came outinto the yard and was open to the sky. Over the back of the stage ranan upper stage and beneath the upper stage was what was known as the degenerate house. The tiring house was concealed from the audience by acurtain which would be drawn back to reveal an inner stage. Therewerent whatsoever large curtains to conceal the whole stage so all scenes onthe main stage began with an entrance and ended with an exit so intragedies the fallen must be carried away. The fact that there was noscenery meant that there were no limits to the number of scenes aswhen a scene came to an end then the characters would just simplyleave the scene.The audiences loved Shakespeares plays. Hundreds of people wouldsqueeze into the theatre with their food and drink to watch. Sadly adeadly plague interrupted the theatres success and meant that for twoyears all playhouses were closed. During this time Shakespeare wroteseveral plays and two long poems.In 1597 the theatre was forced to close after twenty one years for itwas on rented land and the agreement with the landowner had ended. Thelandowner wanted to keep the playhouse to himself and to reuse itsvaluable oak timber but that wasnt the intent of the two brothers who

Lynching: African American and People Essay

Some races faced racism in the cruelest of slipway. The Lynching by Claude McKay describes the villainy of being a black person in the south at that time peroid. The poem is also describes death, ache, and the suffering lynching caused to others.His father by the cruelest ways of pain. This quote his father by the cruelest ways of pain describes pain. It is saying that lynching was very painful by saying it was by the cruelest way of pain. The cruelest way of pain doesnt mean lynching is so cruel even though hanging a person is very cruel. Its saying that the people who commit the pain did it for the cruelest reason of pain, or in this case murder, which was the reason of racism.His sprit ascended into high heaven. This quote symbolizing the death of all person who was lynched by any person. The quote His spirit ascended into high heaven is saying in a religious term that the people who were lynched and were murdered were going someplace better than a discriminating world that s till does the same thing now its all wide spread. It also means that the people who had died went to heaven meaning that they were pure of bosom and didnt do anything wrong. This quote represents the good people these people were and the innocent people.The women thronged to look by never a one showed sorrow in her eyes of steely blue. This quote is saying that others suffered from lynching too it could behave showed anger. You can tell the poet is describing lynching because it saying the ghastly body swayed in the sun. You can infer that the poet thinks not all white people are bad. The lady who showed sadness had blue eyes you can infer she is white.Some races have experienced unlikeness more than others but there is always one or a band of brave people who overcome this discrimination. Most of these measure these people got assassinated but there point got through. Martin Luther King JR. who tried to end racism and discrimination. Martin Luther King JR. didnt end discriminat ion but tried hard for it will never end. The victims are scapegoats or are just different. Claude McKay got his point out with many others by writing travel poetry pieces. McKay wrote The Lynching which expressed what some people did to innocent black people.

Human Capital, Inequality and Growth in Transition Economies Essay

Human Capital can be defined as the accumulation of competences and knowledge in individuals gained done reproduction and experience, not forgetting their personality attributes. All these put together en subject individuals effectivley perform profitable and r eveue generating economical activities. Such competent persons in a society atomic number 18 at times reffered to as a workforce or laborforce. Some examples of investments in world that result in benignant big(p) are information, health and training. As Becker says, human capital investments raise the earning ability of individuals, improve health and add to an individuals approximate habits.The term inequality generally refers to disparities in access to opportunities or resources amongst individuals, groups or even up countries. Some of the common causes of inequality are gender, race, age, geographical location and even cultural practices. Inequality normally results in observable differences in levels of growth and discipline of individuals or from one society to an otherwise. Education is the process through which individuals are able to acquire underlying skills necessary for life.It is the understanding and interpretation of knowledge that empowers individuals to develop a logical and rational mind. The rational mind is then is able to determine relationships amongts pertinent variables, in that locationby fostering understanding. Education involves completing curriculum based fixed time achievements, aimed at building professional capabilities. At the individual level, it develops the capabilities and potentials of the individual so as to prepare them to be successful in a specific society or culture. In this case therefore, tuition serves an individualsdevelopmental needs.When education happens at the societal level, it is thus defined as a process by which society transmits to new members the values, beliefs, knowledge and symbollic expressions that make communication viable wi thin that society. In this sense, education serves a social and cultural function. Roland (2000) says that transition economics, also known as transformation economics refers to a state whereby economies cave in gradually changed over from socialism to capitalism, an example being the source socialist economies. There is a shift from standardized prices and monetary theories to institutions geared towards a high efficiency.This transition can only thrive if there is carry on government and political affirm. The Soviet Union in full, is known as the Union of Soviet Socialist majority rules (USSR), It was characterised by a single communist political party, a planned economy and the KGB security agency which closely monitored activities within the union. USSR was formed in December 1922 and by 1956, it was comprised of 15 countries with Moscow being the capital city. The fifteen countries included Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgzstan, Latvia, Lit huania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.Dissolution of USSR begun in 1985 and continued upto 1991, with the fifteen member states gaining their independence a few months before the Soviet Union collapsed in late 1991. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, restructuring of the administrative functions and development of a market based clay was immediately embarked on through Yeltsins shock program.The aim was to improve standards of living, ensure equitable resource allocation, create new production avenues, promote liberalization, and provide incentives through privatization activities. However, a free and liberalised market did not come without ny challenges. By 1992 Russia suffered a deppressed life expectancy, twenty five percent of the population lived in abject poverty, there were low birthrates, and a downward sloping Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, due to increased investment activities, exploitatation of valuable natural resour ces and increased business development activites, the economy begun to make significant improvement. The aim of this paper is to explore how education as a factor of human capital and inequality influenced growth in transition economies, with respect to the former Soviet Union countries (FSU). Theoretical researchHuman capital with regard to education and levels of inequality both have an touch on on the growth experienced in transition economies. This growth is therefore an end result of quality educational investments and equitable distribution and allocation of life-sustaining resources crosswise a country. Such a hypothesis makes growth the dependent variable whose outcome is influenced by two independent variables namely education and inequality. comment of growth and development trends in transition economies and the developing world, have shown that education can have both confirmatory and negative impacts on an economy.One of the positive impacts is that persons who poss ess the relevant knowledge and skills required by organizations are able to access unwrap job opportunities as opposed to those who are poorly better. In addition, high levels of education enable individuals to secure jobs in other countries, thus helping to alleviate the conundrum of unemployement in their mother country. Spagat (2002) observed that during Russias transition, skilful individuals were more motivated to pursue more education opportunities and in re routine, became very successful in their careers.In regard to the economic transition in the former Soviet Union countries (FSU), meliorate parents who still held education in high esteem, were very focused on ensuring that their children acquired the same level of education as them or even high. While on the other hand those parents who viewed education as a burden rather than an investment focused on the bare minimum, that is, basic education. The result of this attitude was that these particular families remained trapped at a basic education level and so was their access to income generating opportunities.Through education and training, individuals acquire problem solving skills and entrepreneur management skills which inturn, help them set up and operate successful ventures, in the process creating employment opportunities. In addition, as the field of education grows within a country with more universities, colleges, high take aims and primary schools being constructed, more job opportunities are created in the education sector. Persons who are well educated are likely to secure better paying jobs, which inturn increases their purchasing power plus it increases the demand for goods and services available in the economy.The net effect of this, is creation of more job opportunites in the production and service sectors. These persons are able to improve their standards of living including those of their dependants. In addition, issues of health and fertility are decided upon from a knowledg eable point, (Newell and Reilly, 1999). Through education, individuals are exposed to society and they acquire important attributes and values that can help them enhance their capacity to interact and relate with other persons in society.As a result, they able to adapt and cope with the dynamics of the workplace. Last but not least, education as a contributor to human capital enhances economic growth and development in a country, since the human capital is equipped on how to exploit the countrysnatural resources profitably. Countries lacking this human capital are neither able to exploit their resources adequately, nor are they able to develop their economy at the desired pace. Barro (1998) argues that human capital enhances absorption and application of superscript technologies from other countries.Young and educated persons under the guidance of the older folk are able to conduct research and development. The improved technology in a transitional economy enhances the speed and qu ality of production of goods and services, through improved and more cost efficient work processes. The young industries are in turn able to meet rising demands, both domestic and strange hence increasing their revenues and taxes to the government. Munich et al (1999), argue that in a transition economy, government support and positive attitude towards investments in human capital is essential.The government has to allocate funds for example for building schools and also for enticing people to enroll in this schools. However, the maintenance of the enrollment levels is a continued process whose economic benefits are only realised over time as was seen in the Czech Republic. In support of this argument, Spagat (1995) warns that it is even though human capital takes years to accumulate, it actually takes a very short while to deteriorate, hence governments cannot afford to postpone this investment, even temporarily.The governments must ensure that education and other skills are trans ferred effectively from one generation to the next. Restructuring of education, needs to be done from the very beginning of the transition from socialism, in order to immediately improve educations quality. There is a multiplier effect that comes with better quality education. The first being an increased access to job opportunities, higher wages and consequently more tax revenue for the government. The major effect however, is that it sets the standards for future generations, both in terms of quality of education and future incomes, (Spagat, 2002). strike out et al (1999) said that the young people of Russia during the transition had little or no motivation to put effort to pursue education. This is because the education system had not been restructured to match the market-oriented system and therefore the returns were not high. World Bank (1995) accused Russia of concentrating on spewing out scientists and engineers instead of producing a mixture of professionals who would suppor t the different sectors of Russias economy. They only increased between 1991 and 1994, but this human capital investment deteriorated again by 1996, (Brainerd (1998).In order to make ends meet, many dropped out of school and opted for jobs such as taxi drivers, street vendors and some even joined the Mafioso for a quick buck. All was not lost however, when we remember individuals like the HungarianAmerican entrepreneur George Soros, who provided funds that would help these countries implement reforms for a better future. OECD (1996) assured that schools and tertiary institutions should not be the only avenues through which education is attained. OECD (1996) advised that adult learning should be encouraged in order to help the older generations access more income.In addition, pre-schooling of children below the age of formal schooling, which was a common feature of the FSU countries fostered child development and also prepared these children for formal education. In these former Sov iet Union countries, the major advantage of pre-schooling their young children was in the fact that it freed the women to participate in economic activities, and it also reduced education disparities between children of the educated parents and those of the less educated parents.Micklewright (2000) wrote that investment in learning institutions ensures sustained educational gains. For example, in some of the Soviet Union countries, teachers earned wages so low that they spent their time looking for more income instead of teaching. In addition, repair and maintenance of the buildings was neglected and with lack of heating during winter, schools would be closed. The other problem was the shortage of textbooks.However, these countries tried to salvage the situation by offering meals at school between 1989 and 1996, in order to entice parents to take their children back to school. In countries such as, Yugoslavia, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan and Albania, the transition was characterise d by serious geographical disparities caused by war, well-bred and ethnic strife. Facilities were destroyed, hundreds of families were displaced out of their homes and schools were closed, (World Bank, 1997b), thus slowing down the ongoing projects. Human capital is vital for growth of transition economies.Growth should be stimulated across all sectors of the economy and in each part of the country so as to rapidly raise the standards of living and reduce inequalities between urban and agricultural areas. Keen interest should be paid especially to rural areas, in order to eliminate the possibility of mushrooming of pockets of poverty across the country. According to Flemming and Micklewright (1999), ensuring that access to education is recognized by FSU countries as a human right as stipulated in international law, will greatly boost growth of human capital. pertain rights promote equal access to opportunities and it also reduces discrimination based on gender, race, religion or e conomic status. Income inequality rose in the Czech Republic and Russia and was very high between 1988 and 1996. In order to support a transition economy, Spagat (2002) suggests that a balance should be created between skilled and unskilled labour. This is because roughly young people either worked on a full time basis and neglected pursuit of higher education, or they pursued higher education and then begun working at a later stage.One of the negative impacts of education on a country is that by having too many educated persons, the labor market gets saturated thus resulting in a drop in the amount of wages that employers are willing to offer. In turn this acts as a demotivator of the labor force and may also result in brain drain whereby qualified personnel leave their mother country for better opportunities in other countries. The unemployed persons are normally seen resulting to social ills such as alcoholism, drug abuse and robbery amongst others. These social ills inturn diss uade local and foreign investors from putting their money in an unsafe country.

Story of Jose Rizal by Austin Craig

The Story of Jose Austin Craig Rlzal Chinsegut Hill University of Florida Libraries )h- ?yv. -. (l. witliDUt lu-sitatioii. Willi not a reerret in the alvmg No matter what place, Mid cypress or laurel or Whether on lilies. scaH former(a). in open. Or combat or martyrdom same the Who the jtuem dies for his written home and by Dr. Rizal the ere of hix execution . crurl. to the hcrt) It is //(/// what condition, (Lieut. E. in his tiresidt. Fort Santiago clnncL H, Rubottoms translation uu . THE STOKY J R OSK rHK ORKATKSI Ol 1 Z MAN A Ol THK UHOW? HAO The study of the life and character cannot still be beneficial esirous of imitating him. of Dr, Rizal to those hot seat PHII. IPPINTK Wm. H. Tff, MANILA KDUCATION PUBLltaHlKO 1 ooo CO. L A FTHOirS These pages aim the principal of Spanish while a to to summarise figure letter in demarcation the interest in him meant and suspicion. fully destroyed allthing relating circumstances variations it is from events in the life During mentioning Dr. Bical was sufficient cause deportation of both zvriter every main Philippine history. receiver, flat him. to and to Under such quite natural that in that respect should he the popidar version of his show his family care- many life in this send-off u on that pointforetic hiography. The statements are based on lahorions researches in government and church lays, extensive inquiries among relatives, associates and confemjwraries, and a careful study of the considerable Kizal literature, merely achiowltdgment of those obligations must Jje deferred till the puhlication of the larger worlc. Here ii is assertable just now to express gratitude for the enthusiastic interest shown by the Philippines, and appreciation , of the courtesy of the Spaniards, uniformly experienced during the five years ii ivliich this study has been in indgrcss. IHIUPflNK KDUCifVXION PUBLISH fC* COMPANYKBCJISTERED IN THE PHILIPPINES ISLANIS I (Txi/Jif of Tranxhifiori lifiicrved . ) Press of Methodist Publishing House, capital of the Philippines. EN The Story of Jose Rizae J OSE RIZAL, the martyr- hero of the Philippines, on the s tabuhwest shore of the exquisite laguna of Bay, in Luzon, June 19, 18G1. His fathers family began in the Philippines with a Chinaman discernd Lam co who came from the Amoy district to manilla possibly because of the political troubles which followed the conquest of his country by the Manchu invaders. It was in 1697 that this ancestor, whose Christian name was Domingo, was baptized in the Parian hurch of San Gabriel. was born At first in Kiilamba, a merchant, he fin all(prenominal)y made up his take care to stay in these Islands, and turned farmer to escape the bitter anti Chinese prejudice which then existed in capital of the Philippines. Rftther late in life he married the daughter of a countryman who was a dealer in rice and moved into La Laguna province to be set about a populate on the Dominican Friars estate at Biiian. His son. Francisco Mer cado y Chinco, apparently owed his surname to the Chinese custom of looking to the appropriateness of the meaning. Sangley, the name thruout all the Philippines for Chinamen ignifies travelling monger and in the shop Spanish cf the Islands mercado was used for trader. So Lamco evidently intended that his descendants should stop travelling only when not cease being traders. Francisco Mercado was a name held in high honor in La Laguna for it had belonged to a famous sea captain who had been given the encomienda of Bay for his go and had there won the regard of those who paid tribute to him by his fairness and interest in their welfare. Franciscos son was Captain Juan Mercado y Monica and he took advantage of his locating to expunge from the municipal reads the designation Chinese mestizo fter the names of himself and family. Thus he saved the higher fees and taxes which Chinese mestizos then were compelled to pay. The Captain died when his youngest son, Francisco Fngracio Mercad o y Alexandra, was only nine years old. An unmarried sister, Potenciana, twenty years older than boy and sent him to the Latin school. years later the hus resound of their sister Petrona died and they moved to the abutting hacienda of Kalamba, withal belonging to the Dominican order, to help the widow with her farm. The landlords recognized the industry of the young farmer and kept increasing his land until he became one f the most prosperous of their tenants. In 1847 his sister Potenciana died and the following year Francisco married. he, looked after the Some Dr. Rizals suffer His wife, Teodora Alonso y Quintos, was nine years his junior and a adult female not only of censureal ability but with an education unusual for that time in its modern- She was of Ilocano-Tagalog-Chineseness and liberality. Spanish descent, possibly having even a little Japanese blood, and her family counted lawyers, priests, govern- ment officials and merchants among its members. They boasted of one r epresentative of the Philippines in theSpanish Cortes, and it is said to have been a youthful ambition of Dr. Rizal to fill some daylight the same position. A late family name was adopted in 1850 by authority of the royal decree of the preceding year which sought to remedy the confusion resulting from many unrelated Filipinos having the same surnames and a still greater number having no last names at all. The new name, however, was not taken from the government lists but appears to have been selected, as was the old one, because of its appropriateness. Rizal, a shortened form of the Spanish word for second crop, seemed suited to a family of armers who were making a second start in a new home. Francisco Rizal soon found that in spite of his legal authority for it. the new name was making confusion in business affairs begun beneath the old name, so he comproHis mothmised, after a fewer years, on Rizal Mercado. er-in-law, who lived in the neighborhood, at the same time adopted the name Rialonda and her children fol lowed her example. So it was that when Jose Protasio Rizal was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Realonda, another spelling of Rialonda. St. Protasio, the childs patron, very properly was a artyr, and that a Filipino priest baptized and a secular archbishop confirmed him seem withal fitting. Joses draw taught him his letters, wise(p) at three, and his uncles and an- aunt interested themselves in his training untila young man named Monroy, who had studied for the priesthood but never taken the final orders, came into the ticktack as Joses tutor. The impression of his first teaching littleon, which was the story of the foolish butterfly in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, was prophetic of a martyrs fate, for the child envied the insect which had died for the sake of first the injustices and abuses daily to be he light. seen in Kalamba attracted his attention and he wondered if in the land across th e lake, which to him then seem- ed a distant country, the people were happier and the officials less cruel than they were on the shore where his home was. No small part of his childhood training came from listening to the Spaniards, officials and priests, who generally were guests in the Eizal home when they visited Kalamba. The parish priest, Father Leoncio Lopez, withal made the boy the companion of his walks, and the confidant of his views on the injustices done the Filipino clergy. On his pony or afoot with his dogUsman, Jose explored all the picturesque region which lies most Kalamba, but his first journey from home was at seven when his family -visited Antipolo during the festival in honor of the Virgin *of Peace and Safe Travfl which had been brought from America by an primaeval Spanish governor. Until he went away to school, and then during his vacations at home, entertainments were given the neighbors Our Lady of Peace and Safe Voyages who is venerated at Actipolo l()ri i Hail. Flower of Purity, Queen Hail, Al Juveniud Pilipina,. of the seas. Seamens Security, Emblem of peace. Antipolo. Of thee we all know.The fame of thy name shall not cease. The picture was found RizaVs album and in Dr. engraving placed by him, according to the Filipino custom, inside his is the chest home. when he Jirst leave and shadow movintr pictures. These shadowgraphs were made by paper figures moved by his clever fingers between a lamp and a white curtain. Their novelty and his skill were the subject of village talk which magnified them as it repeated the stories until the boy came to be enveloped in a sort of mystery. As he became more than a local hero, these tales opening thru the archipelago abreast with his growing reputation nd were doubtless the foundation for the belief in his miraculous powers which existed among the illiterate of his countrymen. In both years at the Biiian Latin school, where he lived in the home of an aunt, he got beyond tlie old schoolmaster , Florentino Aquin Cruz, and toped to Kalamba to wait till he was old enough to go to Manila. After a few weeks in the public school under a Lucas Padua, who had been a student in the Jesuit Normal School, Jose rested for a while from studying. His unfavorable smell of the public school and its methods are very apparent, however, from frequent references in his books.His brother Paciano had been studying philosophy in San Jose College but really had been more interested in the stirring political matters of the day so that it was considered better for Jose, when he went to Manila, to not go with the elder brother. He lived with the keeper of a sinauiay store in which his gravel was a partner thru furnishing the capital, and seems first to have been examined in San Juan de Letran College but not to have attended there. This was in June, 187 1, and of the rest of that school year there is no record, but college mates say that once in Spain he spoke f having been in the Jesuit Norm al and laughed aver the recollection of his first struggles with Spanish. His Ateneo record shows credit for arithmetic but evidently given for examination on entrance, which was June 15, 1872, and learning Spanish would certainly have been enough work for one year. The first year in Manila was important in Dr. Rizals education tho the knowledge was not gained in school. On January 20, 1872, the liberal ideas that had been rapidly gaining principle in the Philippines received a terrible set back thru an insurrection in Cavite which was of sleight- of -liaiid tricks ade the pretext for removing the progressive leaders tho their guilt was never set up and the people bePaciano kept his brother posted on lieved them innocent. the conditions nor did Mrs. Rizal conceal from her sons her interest in the situation and belief that injustice was being done To the memory of the priests, take MARIANO GOMEZ (aged 86 years) DoD JOSE BURGOS (aged 30 years ) and Don JACINTO Executed ZAMORA on (a ged 35 years) Bagumbayan Field February, 1872. The Church, by refusing to unfrock you, has placed in doubt the offense which has been charged against you the State, by enveloping your footrace in ystery and uncertainty, caused belief in an error committed in a fatal moment and the Philippines, by reverential your memory and calling you martyrs, does not recognize in any way your guilt. The dedication of the novel El Filibustensmo. ) JO With the following year, when he entered the Ateneo Municipal, his real schooling began. This school, whose semi-centennial is to be celebrated in 1909 and which has educated the greater part of the leading men of the Philippines of today, had been founded by the Jesuits upon their return to the Islands after nearly a century of banishment.In methods of instruction it was in 1872 the only modern school in Manila, but it was particularly because Filipinos were given the same treatment there as Spaniards that the school was so popular. Hundreds were going as day scholars awaiting a vacancy in the dormitory that they might enjoy the advantages of a boarder. It was not until his fourth year that Joses opportunity came. The Ateneo Municipal On shew 14, 1877, he received his bachelors degree in Arts with highest honors, having been first in his class in both deportmtent and scholarship thruout the course and having won most of the prizes offered by the school.The next year he did double work, taking the first year in philosophy in the University of Santo Tomas and studying agriculture in. the Ateneo. This latter course was likewise completed with highest honors but because h was not yet of the legal age his credentials as agricultural expert and surveyor were not issued until two years later. 11 Hig second, deuce-ace and fourth years in the Manila university were in medicine and were combined with outside studies in painting, and sculpture, and interest in two societies established by the Jesuits, the Academy of Spanish Literatu re, of which he was president, and theAcademy of Physical Sciences, in which he held the position of secretary. Modelling liad come from making masks, or false faces, from clay for which Jose used to go out to a cousins brick yard at San Pedro Macati, and when younger his play with wax in Kalamba had been to fashion rude birds. Drawings of men with arms like Xs on the margins ot his Abbe Sabatier, for which his mother had scolded him, had been followed by daubings in color. One festival day, when an important banner had been lost just before Bust, Rizal, by modelled of Padre Dr. Guerrico, one of his Ateneo instruc- received tors. medal t (1904) 12 It Exposition. the St. a aureate Louis the procession in which it was to be used, young Rizal hastily painted a substitute that the dehghted municipal captain said was every bit as good as the original which had come from Manila. From a Spanish translation of the Latin Vulgate his mother had read to him the poetry of the Bible as well as the stories usually told to children and its rich imagery had made an impression. Then she had encouraged his efforts at rhyming, which were inspired by the simple verses in Abbe Sabatiers Childrens Friend, and at eight a Tagalog comedy of his had een bought by the municipal captain of Paet for as much as a farm laborer earned in one-half a month. Verses to Magellan, to El Cano, on Education, a French ode, and a dozen other efforts had given practice and each was better than its predecessor. At eighteen ambition held by the Liceo Artispoem Al Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) he won the picky prize for imliaths in a tico Literario with the and mestizos. The next year the same lyceum in a contest in honor of Cervantes allowed Spaniards, mestizos and imUans ail to enter the same competition. The first prize for prose as awarded Jose Rizals Consejo de los dioses (Council of the Gods) and the jury gave it another special prize as the best critical appreciation of the author o f Don Quixote. At the public meeting in the old Variadades theatre, Governor General tight-lacedo de Rivera presented to the young student the gold ring bearing a bust of Cervantes which had been won by him as one who had honored Spain in this distant land, to quote from the newspaper account. Everybody had anticipate this prize to be won by Friar Evaristo Arias, one of the most brilliant literary men the CFniversity of Santo Tomas had ever had on its faculty, nd there was perplexity and disappointment among his many friends who were present to applaud his triumph when the award of the jury and the opening of the envelopes reveafed the success of an unknown medical student. Naturally, as the Jesuits and Dominicans were rivals in school work, there was corresponding elation in the Ateneo and among its friends for, tho Rizal was a student 13 THE The use of the PRIZE FOR AL word Spain in JUVENTIJD FILIPINA the translation makes the meaninxi vnmistakable bid the reference ivas not o bscure in the originoh Prosperity once for an era in this land held reign.But now it groans beneath an iron yoke, Slowly expiring from a mortal slam Ruthlessly dealt by the grim, nnpitying hand of Spain. And yet if it should now devoutly bend tlie knee At the shrine of Patriotism, might it still be rid? alas In the sad future, for unnumbered days, AVill come the reckoning which man repays AVho, putting his own before his countrys gain, Finds in his own ensuing degradation, Slave of a cruel, fierce invading nation, His rewanl in pestilential ars and endless pain. 14 Paciaiio encouraged him and so did Antonio Kivera, a distant cousin of bis mothers in whose house he hadI5een living and to whose pretty daughter, a few years younger than himself, be was engaged. Nor did his old professors in the Ateneo, of whom he sought advice, try to dissuade him. So, on May 5, 1882, after he had been abjureed by a cipher telegram from Kalamba, where he had been staying for a short visit, he emb arked for Singapore on the mail steamer Salvadora and after the half-dozen days that the journey then took he transferred to a foreign passenger ship which carried him to Barcelona. There was quite a distinguished passenger list of go officials and their families among whom Rizal figured, according to is passport, as Jse Mercado, a native of the district Paciano furnished the funds but as soon of Santa Cruz. as his father learned of Joses going he arranged to send him money regularly thru Antonio Rivera. This roundabout way was necessary as life would not have been pleasant for any provincial family known to have sent one of its sons abroad to be educated, especially for a family like the Mercados who were tenants on an estate which was part of the university endowment. From Barcelona Rizal quickly went to capital of Spain and continjed his double course in philosophy and letters and in medicine. Besides he found time for more lessons in rawing and painting, and studied languages under special teachers. In 1884 he received the degree of Licenciate in Medicine and the following year, on his twenty-fourth birthday, the like degree in Philosophy and in Letters, and with highest honors. On the voyage to Spain or just after arrival, Rizal wrote and sent back to a Manila Tagalog daily an article on love of native land, and he act to write for the paper during the short time it lived. The Filipino students in Spain knew Rizal by reputation, many of them had bee a schoolmates of his, and they enthusiastically welcomed him, but in their gayety he took o part. He economized in everything else to have money to spend on books and his first purchases included Picturesque America, Lives of the Presidents of the United States, The Anglo Saxons, The English ZALS SHIP m THE SUEZ CANAL Photograph from IHs album) THE call OF THE WANDERER (Translation by Arthur P. Ferguson. ) Like to a leaf that is fallen and withered, Tossed by the tempest from pole unto pole, Thus roams the pilgrim abroad without purpose, Roams without love, without country or soul. Following apprehensively treacherous fortune, Fortune which een as he grasps at it flees.Vain tho the hopps that his yearning is exploreing Yet does the pilgrim embark on the seas Ever impelled by undetectable power, Destined to roam from the East to the West, Oft he remembers the faces of loved ones, Dreams of the Day when he, too, was at rest. Chance may assign him a tomb on the desert. set apart him a final asylum of peace, Soon by the world and his country forgotten God rest his soul when his wanderings cease Often the sorrowful pilgrim is envied. Circling the eyeball like a sea gull above Little, ah, little they know that a void Saddens his soul by the absence of love. Home may the pilgrim return in the future,Back to his loved ones his footsteps he bends Naught will he find but the snow and the ruins, Ashes of love and the tomb of his friends. Thou must seek other pasturcis, Stranger thou art in the land of thy birth, Others may sing of their love while rejoicing Thou once again must retra verse the eartli. Pilgrim, begone Pilgrim, begone Nor return more hereafter, Dry are the tears that a while for you ran, Pilgrim, begone and forget thy affliction. Loud Uughs the world at the sorrows of man. J8 Revolution and other indications that then, as he said later, the free peoples interested him most. The affectation and love of display of some of his countrymen disgusted him and at the same time convinced him of a guess he later declared in regard to race This same disgust, he reasoned, is felt toward the ostentatious new rich and the braggirt self-made man, only these when they come to their senses are no longer distinguishable from the rest of the world while the man of color must suffer for the foolishness of his fellows. So he who by nature was little inclined to be self-conceited, boasting or loud came to be even more unaffected, simpler in dress and reposeful in trend as he tried to ake lymself as different as possible from a type he detested. Yet this was at no sacrifice of hauteur but rather brought out more strongly his force of character. His many and close friendships with all who knew him, and that his most intimate friends were of the white race, (one of his Spanish jailers even asked to be relieved of his charge because the association was making him too prejudice. fond of his prisoner) seem to show that Dr. Rizals theory was right. One day, after an association aimed to help the Philippines had gone to pieces because no one seemed willing to do anything unless he were sure of all the glory, some f the students met in an effort to revive if. The effort was not successful and then Rizal proposed all joinino- in a book, illustrated by Filipino artists, to tell Spain about the real Philippines. The plan was enthusiastically received but tho there was vehemence to write about, the The Pilipina Woman the other subjects were neglected. Rizal was disappointed and dropped the Then he came across, in a second-hand booka French copy of The Wandering Jew and bought it to get practice in reading the language. The book affected him powerfully and he realized what an aid to the Philippines such a way of revealing its wrongs ould be, but he dreaded the appearance of self-conceit in announcing that he was going to write a book like subject. store, Eugene Sues. idea of writing So he said cryptograph to any one, yet the NoU Me Tangere was invariably in his 19 mind from the night in January of 1884 when he finished the French novel. During his stay in Madrid, Dr. Rizal waa made a freemason in Acacia dumbfound No. 9 of the Gran Oriente de Espaiia at whose head was then Manuel Becerra, later Minister of Ultramar, or Colonies. Among the persons with whom he thus became acquainted were Manuel Ruiz Zorilla, Praxedes M. Sagasta, Emilio Castelar and VictorHowBalaguer, all prominent in the politics of Spain. ever slight the association, it came in the formative period of the young students life and turned his scenes into He no longer constructive lines rather than destructive. thought only of getting rid of Spanish sovereignty but began to question what sort of a government was to reAt Barcelona he had seen the monument of place it. General Prim whose motto had been More liberal today than yesterday, more liberal tomorrow than today yet he knew how opposed the Spanish patriot had been to a Spanish republic because Spaniards were not prepared for it.So he resolved to prepare the Filipinos and the compaign of education which he saw being waged by Spaniards in Spain Rizal thought would be no more unpatriotic or anti-Spanish if carried on by a Filipino for the Philippines. Already he had become convinced of one political truth which was to damp him from other leaders of his countrymen, that the condition of the common people and not the form of, Uie government is the all-important thing. From Madrid, after a short trip thru the more returning(prenominal) provinces because these were the country regions of Spain and so more fairly to be compared with the Philippines, Dr.Rizal in 1885 went to Paris and continued his medical studies under an eye specialist. Association with artists and seeing the treasures of the citys rich galleries also assisted in his art education. For the political part Masonry again was amenable. The Grand Orient of France was not recognized by the Spanish Masonry of which Rizal was a member but held relations with a rival organization over which Frof. MiMoray ta presided. So in Rue Cadet 16 he was initiated into this irregular body which had been responsible for the French Revolution and, because it did not re- guel 20 Dr. Rizals Library hown here makes the Of the open volumes first is in German, next Sites Wan- Attother small case with those half reinaining of his books. Goethe s Wilhelni Meisttr and the third a The Lives of the rlering Jew edit ion of finely illustr ated Spanish Presidents of the United St a ( EXPEDIENTK (7 ? rother knew of the insurrection, tho the use of the thumbscrews and hanging him by the arms had taken place in Manila just after Dr. Rizal had sailed for Spain. In those days a prisoner was compelled to testify against himself, and the Doctor answered very frankly except Avhere othesrs ere concerned. The use of symbolic names among his masonic acquaintances made jt possible for him to say in many cases that he did not know any one of such a name. At other multiplication his memory was made the excuse for not caring to answer, but where it concerned himself there were no subterfuges. The man whose word was so sacred to him that he would not take any of the many chances to escape offered during his years in banishment disdained any attempt at deception. * He had said that his conscience was clear and in his trial he seemed only anxious that his real position shall be understood. In act he asked permission to address a procla mation to the rebels in the field who had been deceived into insurrection by the fraudulent use of his name, and when it was read by the prosecutor that zealous official added it as him only -by another proof of disloyalty. It urged that tbey unthaw now, for they were unfitted for independence and should first educate and fit themselves before they attempted to There was no cringing or denying separate from Spain. Riof responsibility but neither was there any bravado. zals additions to his defense were as clearly reasoned and dispassionate as tho he were debating with a friend nd not on trial for his life. No time was lost in convicting him nor in confirming the military courts decision but he was sentenced to be shot on December 30, 1896. honest after Rizal became aware of his sentence to death but before bis transfer to the chapel he wrote the poem now f amors as The Final Farewell. It was copied on a small sheet of notepaper, folded lengthwise into a narrow strip and then doub led and wedged inside the tank of a little intoxicant lamp on which his cooking in the cell had been done. At the farewell to his sister Trinidad while in the chapel he said I have nothing to give you as a ouvenir except the cooking lamp Mrs. Tavera gave me and then so the guard might not while I was ii Paris make he said in a low tone, in English, There is something inside. The lamp was taken with his other belongings from the fort and it was not until the night of the second day after his death that it was deemed safe to investigate. Then when the verses were found they were immediately copied and the copy without comment mailed to Hong Kong. There they were published. But Rizal had time to polish the poetry a little and thru another channel safely sent the revised poem so the morning after his death opies of it were found on the desks of prominent Filipino sympathizers. He had been a prisoner in Fort Santiago, at first incomanicado in one of the dungeons and later in a cell on the ground floor. After his sentence he was removed to the fort chapel with troops on guard in the courtyard in The military chaplains offered services which reckon of it. My own Of all of My own idolized Native Country, my sorrows the saddest, Philippines, Hear now my my beloved adieu, ray last farewell 40 Behold My all for parents, thee my I am leaving, friends long beloved I go where no slaves are in bondage, No hangman, nor cruel oppressor, Where faith does not justify murder, And God is the ruler Eternal. Adieu, Oh my parents and brothers, As part of my soul here remaining, Ye friends of the years of my childhood, And of the dear home lost forever Give thanks unto God, that already I rest from the days grok and trouble. Farewell unto thee, gentle stranger, My friend Farewell, Oh weep and all my joy thou wert ever ye beings beloved not, for death *L is but resting he courteously declined but later Jesuits came, from iiia old school, whom he warmly welcomed. These brought a ittle wooden image of the Sacred Heart which as a schoolboy he had form with a penknife during playtime and had put up inside the door in the dormitory. During all the tweTity years it had stayed in the same place for Rizal was not only the favorite of his fellows as a student but had remained the hero of the Ateneo boys up to that time. The recollection of his happy school days brought up memories of when for his exemplary conduct he had been a leader in the Marian Congregation, and of the verses he had written in honor of the Virgin. A retraction was required by the Archbishop before he ould receive the consolations of his religion and several forms were proposed. a good deal every victim of political persecution had left a retraction couched in such language that its spontaneousness was always questioned. The one dictated for Rizal was no exception and the Jesuits knew he would never sign it so they substituted a form of their own, giving what was essential for reconciliation with the Church and worded in a way that would not recall the differences Rizal had had with some of its minis- With its ideas the prisoner was satisfied but he very reasonably argued that unless in his style no one ould believe that he had changed the habit of a lifetime in its last moments. To this request the Jesuits say they agreed and the retraction was re- worded by him. Unfortunately the original has been lost and that it was ever made was disputed, at the time it was first pubNo one of his family was permitted to see it. lished. Nevertheless the attending circumstances all argue in Strongest of all is the favor of its having been made. testimony of the Jesuits who were not mixed up in the politics of that time when church and state were so interwoven that it was argued that no one could be a good Catholic who was not a good Spaniard.Two copies, differing only in phraseology, have been published. Of these the one telegraphed to Madrid and published in El Imparcial on Decembe r 31st, 1896, seems to be more Rizals style and is free from those for- ters. 4i mal church terms which he would have been likely to nothing he could not have sfgned in when he was expressing his religious views to Dapitan Father Pastells. But thn a political recantation as well as a religious reconciliation was desired. avoid. Tliere The is in it retraction reads I want to live and I declare rayself a Catholic. I retract with all my heart whatdie as a Catholic. ver I have said or written or done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. I give up Masonry which is an enemy of the Church. The head of the diocese may publish this retrac tion, which I make of my own accord, to repair as as may be possible the scandal caused by May all men forgive writings and by my acts. for the injury which I have caused to many. far my me After his confession Dr. Eizal was married to Josephine Bracken, the adopted daughter of a Hong Kong retired engineer who had come to Dapitan to see if there was any cure for his lost sight. Rizal had fallen in love with he girl, who was ten years younger than himself, and had asked her to stay in Dapitan until they could be married but tho authorized by law there was no provision in the Philippines fqr civil marriage and so there was no chance for the sacrament until this reconciliation with His wife, the daughter of an Irish sergeant the church. in the British army in India and, to judge by her features, an Indian mother, was also of his faith. The belief that Mrs. Rizal was an Eurasian is borne out by the fact that she was educated in the Italian convent of Hong Kong which has so many of that mixed Her adopted mother, Mrs.Taufer, from whom blood. she took her middle name of Leopoldine, was Portuguese, and thru her knowledge of that language she found Spanish easy to learn. If she had not known Rizal personally she at least ticing medicine in knew of him while Jje was prac- Hong Kong. It was now morning and after a short separation t he march to the place of execution, on the Luneta, was begun, on foot and with a heavy escort of soldiers. 44 In the same place where the three priests had been 1872 and where his very- very-great-grandfather had his rice store, two centuries back, beside a bastion of the same name he had given to Kalamba in the novel or which he was dying, Jose Rizal with a pulse that beat as course as ever was shot by Filipino soldiers behind whom stood Spanish soldiers to see the order was unhesitatingly obeyed. The request that he might not be shot from the back because he was neither traitor to Spain nor to his own country was refused. A powerful effort of the will in falling led the victim to turn himself so as to fall with his face to the sky. So the Spanish soldiers saw hira as they filed past his dead body and the cheers for Spain and the triumphal music of the band as it played the March of Cadiz did not prevent a feeling of admiration for the brave man.Spains was a brief triumph, for tho the first killed in day of remembrance of his death was celebrated by desecrating his grave, the second found it decorated, and each sue ceeding year has seen an increased importance given* to the day which has become the great holiday of the Philippines. The martyrs body was put in an unmarked grave in Paco cemetery but a way was found to have a small marble stone, bearing his initials in reversed order, dropped in with the un coffined remains Within less than two years, on the first day of American occupation, the body was raised for a more decent interment and tbe marble slab rests under a cross bearing nly the date Dec. 30, 1896. The ashes have since been put in an urn of Philippine woods carved by the skillful hands of Dr. Rizals instructor in carving, and will be finally deposited in what will be by far the finest of Manilas monuments, the P100,000 memorial which is to mark the place where he gave his life for his country. His widow joined the insurgents at Cavite, and later r eturned to Manila and then to Hong Kong where in 1898 she was married to a Filipine tudent from Cebu. She taught in the public schools of Manila in 1901, and in the following year died in Hong Kong and is buried there inRizals Execution. (Courtesy of Mr. 46 Dantas) the Catholic part of Happy Valley cemetery beside the monuirjent of her adopted father, George Taufer, the wile man, who was an American. him but a year, but his and not long ago refused a proffered pension from the Assembly with the statement that she did not believe in paid patriotism and was content that her son had done his duty. Of the numerous Rizal relatives there seem to be none in politics but all are industrious and quest to bring Dr. Rizals fatlier survived mother still lives about the independence of their country in the way their istinguished kinsman recommended, working to increase its wealth and availing themselves of every opportunity for education. A new province bears Doctor Rizals name, his picture ap pears upon the most generally used values of postage stamps and paper money, every town in the Philippines has its Rizal Street or Rizal Square, Manila has a flourshing Rizal University, a Rizal Ateneo and a Rizal Business College, and his birthday is getting to be observed as well as the day of his death, but Filipinos are forget- I * B -i I f t f Former Grave of Dr. 47 Ris&l i

Benjamin R. Barber’s “America Skips School” Essay

The scary truth behind Benjamin R. grooms America Skips School is shocking. In an attempt to change society, Barber informs us of the hopeless argue many indignant youths atomic number 18 facing today, and where they will end up tomorrow. He also stresses the responsibility of teachers and how important their roles are, non only for the future of their scholars but for the future of the nation as closely. The stories are real and Americans should quit ignoring the truth and fin everyy make an effort to end the struggle that their predecessors cannot ignore. Our children need us to moderator them by improving education such as raising teachers salaries, extending the school year to year-around, or more than importantly just taking responsibility.Logically speaking, parents entrust their childrens teachers a role they, the parents, were not trained for. Realistically, not only do teachers baby-sit many of their students, they are weighed down with responsibilities no lawyer or engineer will have to endure. Family and friends and teachers will influence the path a youth takes in life. He provides the fuel (determination) and the directions (knowledge) so the student can reach his destination. According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook 2002-03 Edition, preparing students for the future workforce is the major stimulus generating the changes in education, and teachers provide the tools and environment for their students to develop these skills. These are the kinds of teachers we are looking for, but if we want more highly certified teachers, then there must be a change in the pace of pay because higher salaries lead to more applicants, and more applicants mean more quality teachers.During the summertime vacation, most students began to either forget what theyve learned or how to put on it, that is until school starts up again. But as the level of difficulty gets harder, this process will not work as efficiently. Having an all year-around school gives tea chers more time to teach and more time for students to absorb what is existence taught. When teachers spend individual time tutoring students it is less likely for those students to fail the course. Of course there is summer school, but in many cases the fee for class during the summer is costly for students who attendinner-city schools.In todays society, the majority of families have both adults international from the home while the children are left alone. While the kids are at school, they have the teachers to accompany them, but when they come home, and mom and dad are not there to regulate their activities, then the house is no longer a home but merely a place to come and go. A satisfactory connection between the parent and child usually keeps a healthy environment around the house, but outside the house scenarios change as well as the people the child is associating with. Its another role of the parent to know where his child is at, at all times, who his childs friends are, and to set a time as to when the kid most come home. Finally, the parent and child should get together and set a schedule up weekly that involves quid of studying time, playtime and communication within the family.No matter what arguments arise either within the school or home, our children need us. Many kids have to be forced to their studies or to participate in class because they do not think as far ahead in the future as we, the parents and teachers, do. higher(prenominal) salaries for teachers will lead to a better, qualified faculty, extended school to year-around will theoretically give more time for students to learn and absorb what is being taught in school, and the role of the parents to providetheir child the love and attention he needs as a guide in his road to success, are all of which Barber has emphasized as being important to a better academic system. We have yearned for a system that would work, but we just were not commit enough to do something about it. So unti l we do something about it, our children, Americas future, will continue to drown in this fast, growing society.

Why do we need to focus on the concept of secularism if we want to understand the role of religion in contemporary affairs?

IntroductionGlobalization in the 21st century has resulted in great diversity of peoples and ghostlike pluralism across the globe. Alongside a global resurgence in religion, this trend has engendered new patterns of interaction and shifting perceptions in the modern governmental and public sphere (Thomas, 2005 Hurd, 2008). This scenario poses a direct challenge to the modern governmental system internationally as it upholds laic authorities as the universal stand for international relations favoured for the stableness and peace it engenders. Concern regarding the potential for social conflict and violence has heightened since the events of September 11, 2001 as swell as the present tensions among sacrilegiousist western nations and religious states of Turkey and Iran. These challenges give the problem of religious pluralism much of its urgency (Thomas, 2005). Secularism refers to a movement that seeks for rejection, indifference, or exclusion of religion and religious consi derations in modern affairs. In semipolitical terms it refers to the spirit that religion should not play a role in government, education, or another(prenominal) parts of society in the quest towards the separation of and/or reduction of ties between religion and government (often referred to as the church and the state) (Taylor, 2010). This is deemed necessary to enable the protection of the rights of religious minorities among other positions in a pluralist society, and therefore to enhance democracy (Taylor, 2005). Given its success in Western democracies ending the sectarian violence in Europe and enabling the unruff conduct stable co-existence of various communities in the United States (Hurd, 2008), the concept is hitherto viewed with disdain and suspicion in non-Western states and cultures especially those with predominant Muslim beliefs. This sentiment derives from the systems assumption of moral high ground leading to its belittling of other cultures and election app roaches contempt for religion in public sprightliness and the legitimizing of regressions of negotiations with regard to alternative approaches (Taylor, 1998). This cover explores the need to focus on the concept of secularism in ready to understand the role of religion in contemporary affairs. The endeavour of this geographic expedition is to go through a solution to challenges in the ascendance of secularism in the modern public and political sphere which engenders resistance and and portends violent conflict. Secularisms meanings, narration and transformations, its dominant varieties, as well as its strengths and limitations are focused upon in following sections.History of secularismSecularism is a political tradition which has go along to evolve over eight centuries manduction important relationships with religious traditions such as Judeo-Christianity with which it sustains complex ties, and Islam, its primary alter-ego with which it maintains a long-standing relations hip (Philpott, 2000). The secular notion has through time taken on a range of meanings with the earliest reference, saeculum, traced to the 13th century referring to a dualistic opposition within Christianity. Often with negative connotations, this term was used to distinguish worldly clergy from those dungeon in seclusion in monasteries (Taylor, 2010). The term gradually shed off its Godless and profane connotation by the 16th century acquiring a new description of a transforming world. To secularize in the latter instance referred to the conversion from religious/priestly to civil self-denial or use. This process is exposit by Casanova (1994 24) as the passage, transfer, or relocation of persons, things, function, meanings, and so forth, from their traditional locations in the religious sphere to secular spheres. Onwards from the 19th century, further transformation led secularism to assume its present recognition in current language which describes a movement expressly intende d to provide a certain theory of life and conduct with fall out reference to a deity or a future life (Hurd, 2008). Secularists, therefore, refers to those of the belief that the church (the religious) and the worldly are in a continued historical contest, in which the world is gaining an upper hand irreversibly. Two characteristics of secularism are revealed in its relevance to international relations and the political sphere. Secularizations before reference to the acquisition or possession of land (church properties) and people, usually by state actors, entailed massive appropriation and expropriation and often instigated religious wars (Asad, 2003). Despite secularizations contemporary reference to the separation of the church and the state predominant in Western circles, its meaning and connotation in the above context (now overshadowed), is still contain in many non-Western contexts (Taylor, 1998). For instance, with particular regard to the Middle East, the principle of sec ularism has served to legitimize the suppression of local practices and political establishments. This has contri neverthelessed to the hegemonic attempt to transform or to take possession of the region in pursuit of contemporary Western ideals (Hurd, 2008). In the second instance, an important characteristic derived is secularisms presumption to clearly distinguish between inexplicable and temporal matters. In its definition of what is considered ordinary, or mundane, it by default assigns a tail end for religion with the secular notion only making sense congress to its religious counterpart (Hurd, 2004). As Asad (2003 192) argues, secularism dresss itself as the foundation upon which the religious is fashioned the point at which dialogue on theology is hatched in the deal of modernity. It thus assumes itself to be above the fray holding alternative approaches particularly those associated with religion in condescension and as panicening. These characteristics present distinc t sets of problems first, is its potential to gamble democratic political relation given that groups or individuals dissenting to the secular approach are considered threatening to stability and are shut out of public deliberations. Secularists, for example, broadly shun non-theistic public philosophies and are notably extremely wary of political Islam (Davie, 2003). This is the reason, for instance, political science of Turkey and Pakistan in support of a civic role for Islam and which accept non-secular and non-Western platforms and partiesare frowned upon and are worrisome to Western secularist ideals. They threaten the boundaries that secularists impose between the sacred and the secular (Banchoff, 2007). Dislike and disapproval consequent to this makes Western powers, regardless of their actual policies, to be comprehend as backing the repression of Islamist parties which increases the potential for terrorism (Hurd, 2008 Bruce, 2003). Contrary to secularisms self-represent ation, it has sometimes been associated with the unjust, domineering and violent yet within the movement, there is a desire to associate religion with these negative traits in the public sphere (Taylor, 1998 Hurd, 2008). Secularisms automatic linkage with democracy and public order is thus questionable. An indiscriminate secularism in an increasingly interdependent, pluralist and globalized world in which individuals and groups derive morality from different sources is prone to risks. These risks include potential uprisings from adherents and supporters of alternative non-secular/non-Western approaches shut out from negotiations between religion and politics and in pursuit of public order (Banchoff, 2007 Davie, et al, 2003). Given secularisms dominance in successful Western democracies, there is also a risk of sightlessness to its limitations. The following section describes two varieties of secularism and explores their implications for international politics and affairs in the p ublic sphere which have been shown to be significant (Hurd, 2008).Laicism and international relationsLaicism refers to the belief in the need to exclude religion from the public realm of politics and confining it to a space where it cannot threaten the liberties of free thinking citizens and political stability (Taylor, 1998). This belief forms the essence of present-day political thought. by means of a complex and contested process, this approach attempts to limit and to regulate religious disputes thus provide an influential and self-reliant public space (Philpott, 2000). The consequent separation of the church and state was intended to serve as a backside for provide the basis for sticky politics and efficiency in the face of diversity and religious pluralism. Laicism relegates religion and associated beliefs to things to be studied or an inferior culture conflicting with the ideals of modern living, politics and development (Hurd, 2008). Consequently, secularism has been des cribed by some as having a strain of dogmatism given its propensity to validate a single authoritative basis of public ethics and reason (Taylor, 1998). The policing and constant delineation of this boundary poses challenges especially when society diversifies to contain substantial numbers of adherents of non-Judeo-Christian religions often suspicious of such endeavours (Hurd, 2008 Casanova, 1994). in that respect are therefore calls for a more vibrant pluralist approach in the public sphere.Judeo-Christian secularism and international relationsThrough its acknowledgement of a place for religion in politics, this approach avoids the pitfalls that befall laicism. In its common ground strategy, codes of political order and peaceful co-existence are agreed upon by members of a political community based on common doctrines (Taylor, 2010). However, these common set of values has its roots in Christianity which is a significant feature defining Western nicety (Philpott, 2000). It shoul d be noted that many other religions around the world have complicated patterns of church-state relations as Christianity (Hurd, 2004). The challenge for global relations in this regard, is that secularism, however defined, ends at the boundaries of Western civilization which portends a fault line between the West and non-West common grounds (Davie, et al, 2003 Thomas, 2005 Myers and Brodeur, 2006). Such a common ground completely dependent upon Western religious traditions is thus ill equipped to meet the demands of contemporary societies in and outside the West. In this regard, the common ground therefore becomes a representation of one among many parties or interests (Davie, 2003 Davie, et al, 2003 Philpott, 2000). With these limitations of the dual approaches of secularism, it is necessary in the interest of foregoing international relations and contemporary affairs to rethink the secular social reality. There might be need to approach secularism as among possible solutions to modern challenges associated with religion and public order. The secularization paradigm has served well as a model for the accommodation of religious pluralism and diversity in the public sphere, guiding decision-making in various contexts (Banchoff, 2007 Taylor, 2005). Yet consensus on secular public order is not universally shared and is sometimes viewed unkindly, with contempt, or out rightly rejected by those dominated and/or excluded as religious those who disagree with the otherworldly/temporal divide and those who feel that their politics, culture and territory has been taken over or is challenged through secularist justifications. Also included are those who feel closed out of public debate and discourse (Haynes, 1998 Casanova, 1994 Bruce, 2003). Secularism belittles non-Western alternatives in the negotiation of religion and politics, expressing contempt for religion in public life, particularly with regard to Islam, and legitimizes repression of negotiations of such alter native approaches. Through its insistence of neutrality and identification with moderateness, freedom and the democratic, secularism engenders what is described by Honig (Hurd, 2008 Casanova, 1994) as resistances and remainders. The latter constitute those within secularism who seek to upset conventional assumptions about morality, rationality and good. Secularism strives to silence these by shifting them onto the category of the religious in clearly dangerous tendencies with potential to incite violence and counter-reactions (Hurd, 2008). At present, secularism lays claim to the right to define the role of religion in politics and in so doing closes off important debates regarding possible alternative moral bases and public order. This, in turn, makes secularists to be perceived as seeking to privatize and to define the political domain (Banchoff, 2007 Bruce, 2003). This engenders hostile responses and criticisms against its hegemonic objectives and aspirations from among the excl uded with some resorting to extreme tactics to air their grievances (Banchoff, 2007 Haynes, 1998). Such eventualities are not completely attributable to extremist religious belief as commonly perceived (Thomas, 2005), but as shown can be in response to secularisms fervent attempts towards the universalization of secular modernity through its specific model. In both its varieties, secularism occasionally acts as a belief intolerant of other beliefs, exhibiting a tendency to condition political space (Taylor, 1998 Myers and Brodeur, 2006). It is widely agreed that secularism, including its clearly anti-religious variants, needs to be re-evaluated as a model for the organization of public life through the exploration of its implications for contemporary affairs. This is particularly needful with regard to states outside of historical Christendom and settler colonies upon which secularism is foisted upon (Davie, et al, 2003 Thomas, 2005 Hurd, 2008). It seems that secularism operates blindly with regard to its unforeseen implications and the consequences of its tendencies to pursue the universalization of its mores. Its zealous struggle against religious intolerance blinds it to its own inadequacies while it claims moral superiority and displaces violent and antidemocratic tendencies to the domain of religion and religious fervour or unrestrained commitment (Taylor, 2005 Hurd, 2004). Though secularism purports to be external in the territorial contest between religion and politics, it is not as its history and nature locates it within the spectrum of theological politics (Philpott, 2000). Religion is an ingrained scar of collective identity and entails the submersion of ultimate meaning in peoples beliefs and practices, including social and institutional practices (Banchoff, 2007). There are social and political challenges present by emergent religious pluralism inherent in the interaction among religious groups in society and politics. A clash of religious c ommunities in the political heavens may cause core pillars of democracy to falter minority rights and bulk rule (Banchoff, 2007 Bruce, 2003). phantasmal tensions may undermine effective government by the majority and, as well, dominant traditions may seek to constrain minority groups. However, a multiplicity of faith traditions presents not just challenges for governance and social cohesion but also opportunities for a more vibrant political culture and civil society. For instance, rising faith communities (especially Islam) are engaging democratic processes wherever they reside in the world, and secular majorities and established religious groups are also accommodative (not just resistant) to the new dynamic cultural and political landscape (Haynes, 1998). In foregoing discourse, this paper does not propose the reversal of secularism or the reinstatement of religion in the public sphere. In its stead, the secular ideas of democratic politics should be broadened to acknowledge pos itive contributions of other approaches such as the non-secular and the non-Western to pubic life and religion. There must be developed a space for continuous discourse among religious traditions, as well as among the religious and the secular so as to transcend the volatile limitations of the secularist approaches. This would also enable the incorporation of a non-hegemonic place for religion in politics addressing the conflicting legacy of secularization in public sphere in the West and outside it. If this is not addressed, those excluded may eventually haunt and destabilize the said(prenominal) closures that bring about their exclusion. It is therefore imperative for the international community to consider the support of pluralistic democracy which inevitably might entail support for religious parties rather than propping up secularist political solutions. Minority voices in the new dispensation need to be heard. Remedy through the reconsideration of procedure is deemed insuffic ient given secularisms prior assumption of itself as above the fray marking its domain and associating itself with rational argument, tolerance, justice, common sense, public interest, and public authority (Davie, et al, 2003 Thomas, 2005). It thus derides religion as that which is not. Most secularists refuse to acknowledge the possible functioning of alternative non-secular and yet democratic models of order in the public sphere which could be legitimate rivals to its dominance (Banchoff, 2007 Davie, et al, 2003 Taylor, 2005).ConclusionFocus on the concept of secularism affords us the opportunity to observe that the current foundation of international politics is far from being neutral or universal given its religious heritages and character to which it seems oblivious. Secularisms self-confidence in its objectivity and neutrality which then drives its hegemonic aspirations may therefore be a threat to the preservation of global peace and security. It is thus argued that for value pluralism to hold, relations in contemporary affairs including the international public sphere (international relations) must distance themselves from secularist history and especially its connotations and negative perceptions. The secular foundation of modernity, particularly secularisms assumptions concerning the inevitability of secularization, must be reconsidered and better relations among states and religions fostered in order to strengthen political interdependence and international freedom, as well as to forestall conflicts from conflicting values. The majorities must respect religious freedom but must also transfix with varied traditions such as Islam which incorporate different views of social obligation and personal responsibility some which are at odds with dominant secular views. Therefore, the secular foundation must be exchanged with a post-secular project in which secularism and religion are considered on equal footing.ReferencesAsad, T. 2003. Formations of the Se cular, Stanford, CA Stanford University PressBanchoff, T. (ed.) 2007. res publica and the New Religious Pluralism, Oxford Oxford University Press.Bruce, S. 2003. Politics and Religion, Cambridge PolityCasanova, J. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World, Chicago and London The University of Chicago PressDavie, G. 2003. The Evolution of the Sociology of Religion In Michele Dillon (ed.), handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 61-84.Davie, G., P., Heelas, and L., Woodhead (eds.) 2003, Predicting Religion Christian, Secular and Alternative Futures. London Ashgate.Haynes, J. 1998. Religion and Global Politics, London & New York LongmanHurd, E. 2004, The Political Authority of Secularism in International Relations, In European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 10, no. 2Hurd, E, 2008. The politics of secularism in International Relations, Princeton Princeton University Press.Myers, S. and P. Brodeur, (eds.) 2006, The Pluralist Paradigm Democracy and Religion in the 21st Century.Scranton and London Scranton University Press Philpott, D. 2000. The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations. In World Politics 52 (January) 206-245.Taylor, C. 1998. Modes of Secularism, In R. Bhargava (ed.) Secularism and its Critics. Calcutta Oxford University Press, pp. 31-53.Taylor, P., 2005. Freedom of religion UN and European human rights law and practice. Cambridge CUP Taylor, C. 2010. The heart of Secularism, In The Hedgehog Review, fall. http//www.iasc-culture.org/THR/archives/Fall2010/Taylor_lo.pdfThomas, S. 2005. Global Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Relations, London Basingstoke

Claudius the Machiavelli Essay

in that location are galore(postnominal) kinds of people in the world. virtually people are kind, generous, caring, etc. except there are the kinds of people who are selfish deceiving and very cruel to those around them and only puts themselves before early(a) people, these are characteristics of a Machiavellian character. In the story of Shakespeare, hamlet, shows a slap-up example of a Machiavellian character Claudius. Claudius is the type of man who is willing to go to the extremes in order to keep high position of power. He doesnt care for the well being of another(prenominal)s and only cares about himself. In juncture Claudius faces many threats to his position of power that has brought out his Machiavellian characteristics. Some of which are his willingness to kill and end the lives of other people, being very deceitful and jocularityery to those around him and manipulates and uses other people wi g-forcet thinking about the negative consequences it might prevail on the people he is using, all for his high position of power.One of the characteristics that make Claudius a Machiavellian character is his willingness to end other peoples life for his have set ahead whether it is directly or indirectly. In the beginning of the play the anterior king hamlet is bit by a snake and dies, as the people were told. The truth is Claudius, the previous king villages brother remove him married his wife and gained the title of the new king. Claudius admits to his put to death in the play in a form of a soliloquy, Thanks, my dear lord/ O my offence is rank, smells to heaven./ It hath the primal eldest curse upon it,/ a brothers murder. Pray can i not./Can serve my turn? forgive me my foul murder?/ That cannot be since I am still possessed/ Of those effects for which I did the murder/ May one be pardoned and retain the offence?/ Be salving as sinews of the newborn babe/ all may be well. (Shakespeare III. III 38-75).In this scene Claudius admits to the a udience through a soliloquy that he had polish off the previous king small town and has gained a lot of things through the murder and he is not sorry for what he has done in order to gain his new title as the king. This shows the Machiavellian locating of Claudius because he selfishly made the decision of killing someone further for his own selfish gain. There has been more than one time where Claudius shows his Machiavellian trait of trying to end someones life in order to keep his high position and power. In the play Claudius sees Hamlet as a threat to his life and safety. So Claudius arranges an execution for Hamlet in England. And, England, if my love thou holdest aught-/As my great power thereof may give thee sense/Since yet thy cicatrice looks raw and red/After the Danish sword, and thy free awe/Pays homage to us- thou mayest not coldly set/Our sovereign process, which imports at full,/By letters congruing to that effect, /The present death of Hamlet. Do it England,/For l ike hectic in my blood he rages/And thou must cure me. Till i know tis done,/However my haps, my joys were never begun.(Shakespeare IV. III 64-74).The previous quote is said by Claudius. Claudius shows his Machiavellian side through this quote, in this quote Claudius shows his true intentions of why he is sending Hamlet to England which is to get him executed. The reason why is because he feels threatened about Hamlets existence and is in the way of his plan in keeping his seat as the king of Denmark. Claudius has many more characteristics that label him as a Machiavelli. Besides killing people directly/ indirectly he also deceives and betrays those around him in order to cover up his true intentions. In the play, Hamlet, Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius who was hiding behind the curtain in the queens room, thinking it was Claudius. Hamlet finds out it wasnt polonius and soon people in the castle found out what recently took place and Claudius feeling threatened plans on sending Hamlet to England. Claudius tells Hamlet Hamlet, this deed, for thine especial safety,/ which we do tender, as we dearly regret/ for thou hast done must send thee hence/ with fiery quickness.Therefore prepare thyself/ the bark is accepty, and the wind at help , thy associates tend, and everything is bent for England. (Shakespeare IV. III 43-49) in this scene of the play Claudius tells Hamlet he is sending Hamlet to England in order to reflect upon himself and his actions, but his true intention is being hidden which is Hamlets execution in England. This proves that Claudius is a Machiavelli because he is very deceitful to and disloyal to Hamlet by lying to Hamlet telling him that he is acquire a sometime away from the kingdom in England for his own benefit but is actually being sent off to get executed just so Claudius can keep his position of power and his life. There is more than one time Claudius has shown his Machiavellian traits through trickery, betrayal and lies. One part in the play Claudius says to Laertes To thine own peace. If he be now returned,/ As checking at his voyage, and that he means/ No more to undertake it, I will take to the woods him/ To an exploit, now ripe in my device,/ Under the which he shall not choose but fall./ And for his death no wind no wind of blame shall breathe,/ But even his mother shall uncharge the practice/ And call it an accident. ( Shakespeare IV VII 66-73).During this quote the story has progressed to which Claudius first plan to get hamlet killed has failed and Hamlet has come behind from England. In these lines Claudius reveals that he is going to trick Hamlet to which will bring hamlet to his certain death to Laertes. Later on in the scene Claudius plans to trick Hamlet to drink a poisoned drink and to sabotage the fight between Laertes and Hamlet by poisoning the tip of Laertes blade.These actions that Claudius is making proves that he is a Machiavellian because Claudius is using tricks and deceit in order to get what he wants, which is Hamlets death. Other than using deceit, direct and indirect murder Claudius also shows his Machiavellian characteristics through manipulation and tricking other people to do things in order to cover up his true intentions and to keep him out of harms way and he doesnt think of the negative consequences it might have on other people. Claudius shows a perfect example of this through the use of Laertes in order to kill Hamlet. non that I think you did not love your get down/But that I know love is begun by time,/And that I see, in passages of proof,/Time qualifies the spark and gust of it./There lives within the very flame of love/A kind of wick or snuff that will abate it./And nothing is at a like goodness still./For goodness, growing to a pleurisy,/Dies in his own too-much. That we would do,/We should do when we would, for this would changes/And hath abatements and delays as many/As there are tongues, are hands, are accidents./And thus this should i s like a spendthrift sigh/That hurts by easing.But to the quick of th ulcer/Hamlet comes back. What would you undertake/To show yourself in deed your fathers son/More than in words?/(Shakespeare IV VII 122-138).In this line Claudius tricks Laertes into falling into his hands allowing him to be manipulated. Claudius tricks Laertes to fight Hamlet with a poisoned sword not thinking about the negative consequences it might have. In the end of the play hamlet gets slain by the sword but Laertes ends up dying with his own sword as well. This is proof that Claudius is a Machiavelli because of using his cunning mind in order to trick people into doing his dirty kit and caboodle for him.Another point in the play where Claudius uses the art of manipulation for his benefit is when he uses Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England for hamlets execution. Follow him at foot.tempt him with speed aboard,/ delay it not. laid up(predicate) have him hence to night/ away for everyt hing is sealed and done/ that else leans on the affair. Pray you make haste/ (Shakespeare IV. III 60-63) In the previous quote Claudius is decree Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to follow Hamlet to England not knowing the letter they were carrying for England king decided their fate.Claudius thinking that Hamlet might not read the letter for his execution, actually did read it but then rewrote the letter and changed it so that Guildenstern and Rosencrantz will be executed in his place. Throughout the whole play Claudius has constantly used Guildenstern and Rosencrantz as his spies for Hamlet. Hamlet realizing this lost all trust and faith towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern leading them to their twilight. Knowing this Claudius still pursued in using Guildenstern and Rosencrantz for his own benefit without realizing the negative consequences it might have on them.Claudius is a Machiavellian who uses deceit and trickery, murder, and manipulation all for his own benefit. He shows these through the murder of his brother numerous attempts to kill hamlet by using other people and manipulating the people around him to keep his title as the King of Denmark. By doing things that will cause others pain and suffering for your own benefit may help you gain what you want in a short while but for the long run it will bring you to your downfall for no good deed goes unpunished.