Reward System And Its Impact On Employee Motivation Essay

Social networking also referred to as social media. The growing usage of social media indicates a potentially effective new platform for advertisers. Social Media, today, is among the ‘best opportunities available’ to a brand for connecting with Prospective consumers. Social media is the medium to socialize. These new media win the trust of consumers by connecting with them at a deeper level. Social media marketing is the new mantra for several brands since early last year. Marketers are taking note of many different social media opportunities and beginning to implement new social initiatives at a higher rate than ever before. Social media marketing and the businesses that utilize it have become more sophisticated. One cannot afford to have no presence on the social channels if the competitor is making waves with its products and services. The explosion of social media phenomenon is as mind boggling as that and the pace at which it is growing is maddening. Global companies have recognized social media marketing as a potential marketing platform, utilized them with innovations to power their advertising campaign with social media marketing. —————————————————————————————————————- KEY WORDS: Social networking, Marketers, Socialize, Media SOCIAL NETWORKING Social networking, also referred to as social media, encompasses many Internet-based tools that make it easier for people to listen, interact, engage and collaborate with each other. Social networking platforms such as Face book, MySpace, YouTube, LinkedIn, Twitter, blogs, message boards, Wikipedia and countless others are catching on like wildfire. People use social networking to share recipes, photos, ideas and to keep friends updated on our lives. SOCIAL NETWORKING IN MARKETING Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining traffic or attention through social media sites. Social media itself is a catch-all term for sites that may provide radically different social actions. For instance, Twitter is a social site designed to let people share short messages or â€Å"updates† with others. Face book, in contrast is a full-blown social networking site that allows for sharing updates, photos, joining events and a variety of other activities. ORIGINATION OF SOCIAL NETWORKING According to a BBC Radio 4 documentary, the origins of social networking can be traced back to the 1970s. While conducting research for the radio show, The Secret History of Social Networking, the BBC’s Technology Correspondent, Rory Cellan-Jones, found that in 1973 the owner of a record shop in Berkeley California placed an analogue computer in his store and invited people to come in and type messages. The computer quickly became a popular attraction, especially amongst University of California students who would come in to the store to post messages and take part in discussions on the analogue machine. One of the first social networking Web sites, launched in 1997, was SixDegrees. com. This site started the trend of enabling users to create personal profiles and make lists of their friends. Two years after the fall of Six Degrees, Live Journal offered authors options to add a list of friends to their profile page. Other early social networking sites include Friendster and online dateing service Ryze. MySpace launched in 2003. However, the site didn’t start drawing the attention of the masses until well into 2004, due largely in part to MySpace changes that allowed teenagers to join the social network. Since their introduction, social networking sites (SNS) have attracted millions of users, whereby many people integrate these sites into their daily practices. The conception of Googlebuzz. com has been recently introduced to rival the likes of facebook, which has 350 million users. Here is a timeline to show the progress of the social networking world. 1995: Classmates. com is a social media website created by Randy Conrad. The website helps members find, connect and keep in touch with friends and acquaintances from school life. Classmates has more than 40 million active members in the US and Canada. In early 2008, Nielson Online ranked Classmates as number 3 in unique monthly visitors among social networking sites. 1997: Sixdegrees. com was named after the six degrees of separation concept and allowed users to list friends, family members and acquaintances and see their connection with any other user on the site. It was one of the first manifestations of a social networking websites in the format now seen today. Sixdegrees closed in 2007. At its height, the website had about a million users. 1999: Cyworld. com is a South Korean social networking service. Users can have â€Å"apartment like† spaces which make for a sim-world like experience. The ‘cy’ in Cyworld could stand for Cyber; however, it also plays on the Korean word for relationship. A 2005 survey showed that 25% of South Korea was users. 2002: Friendster. com has over 115 million registered users and over 61 million unique visitors per global month. Over 90% of friendster’s traffic comes from Asia. The website is also used for dating, discovering new events, bands and hobbies. 2003: Myspace. com launched after eUniverse employees with Friendster saw its potential and mimicked the more popular features of the social networking site. Myspace became the most popular social networking site in US 2006. The 100th million account was created on August 9 2006. 2005: Bebo. com is an acronym for â€Å"blog early, blog often†. It is similar to other networking sites; the site must include two specific modules, a comment section and a list of users’ friends. The site claims 40 million users. 2006: Facebook. com is the most popular social networking site boasting 350 million users. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg who studied at Harvard University. The websites membership was initially limited by the founders to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges. Facebook has met with some controversy being blocked in countries such as, China, Syria and Iran. The original concept for Facebook came from the colloquial name for books given out at the start of the academic year by universities designed to help students get to know one another better. 2006: Twitter. com is a social networking site that that enables its users to send and read messages known as â€Å"tweets†. Tweets are text based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the authors profile page and are delivered to the author’s subscribers known as followers. It is sometimes described as the â€Å"SMS of the internet† and is widely popular with about 5 million users. ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN MARKETING: Social media is now increasingly becoming an ingrained aspect of political campaigns, national defence strategies, public policy, public relations, brand management and even intra company communication. Since the major task of marketing as tool used to inform consumers about the company’s products, who they are and what they offer, social marketing plays an important role in marketing.  · Social media can be used to provide an identity about the companies and the products or services that they offer.  · Social media helps in creating relationships with people who might not otherwise know about the products or service or what the companies represent.  · Social media makes companies â€Å"real† to consumers. If they need not just talk about the latest product news, but share their personality with them.  · Social media can be used to associate themselves with their peers that may be serving the same target market.  · Social media can be used to communicate and provide the interaction that consumer look for. THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN MARKETING According to comScore, a marketing research company that tracks Internet traffic, social networking sites accounted for 13. 8 billion display ad impressions in August 2009, representing more than 25 percent of all display ads viewed online, in a study of U. K. online display advertising on social networking sites. Social media is changing the way marketing is done. No longer can marketers rely on putting out one general message to the public. In Malaysia, 80% of affluent Malaysians use social networking sites. The opinions of bloggers and friends have become more influential than advertisements. Using social media allows businesses to reduce cost on marketing or connect with customers. A number of Malaysian companies use social network to promote their product or service. A recent example is mobile operator DiGi who used social networking to create awareness on mobile broadband. One of the many campaigns DiGi did was Pimp My Broadband which was a contest allowing people to post up creative videos to the site. DiGi used mostly Face book and Twitter to spread the word and communicate with people. In another example, the Prudential insurance company was running in December 2009 a contest for which people were asked to guess the retirement fund a fictional character named Adam would need to retire comfortably. This campaign was heavily promoted over social networks and blogs. Most organisations have jumped onto the social networking bandwagon. Large and small organisations alike maintain Facebook fan pages and groups. The leading budget travel airline, AirAsia, has more than 20 different Facebook pages and groups that promote some aspect of their service. It also has Twitter feeds as well as its own social network located at www. airasia. ning. com. The results have been impressive. It claims to lead all other airlines with a fan base of approximately 100,000. The AirAsia blog is ranked as the world’s second most popular blog site by an airline while CEO Tony Fernandes’ blog is the most popular in Malaysia by a corporate leader. Its YouTube site is very popular while its Twitter account has 15,500 followers. AirAsia’s investment of time and effort to reach out socially to Internet users must be bringing results; it recently announced plans to launch a brand new social network for travellers. The Nielsen Company estimates online advertising spent on the top social network and blogging sites increased 119 percent, from approximately USD49 million in August 2008 to approximately USD108 million in August 2009. Businesses and professionals are also connecting with one another on social networks. It has become commonplace for professionals to maintain accounts at LinkedIn. Using that platform, businessmen are able to find contacts that they can trust as introductions come from people they know and trust. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING IN INDIA – AN OVERVIEW India has 71 million active internet users. Social Media is really picking up new heights in India. Many companies are coming big way for Social Media Optimization for their Product or Services nowadays. During Election 2009 Social Media was used for Influence Indian Voters. Social Media Marketing in India is being undertaken by brands like Tata Docomo, MTV India, Channel V, Clear Trip, Tata Photon, Axe deodorants, Microsoft, Naukri, Shaadi and many more. Besides, numerous Indian celebrities are also using SMM platform to promote their movies, music and events via Twitter, Facebook and personalized blogs. Social Media Marketing is also boosting public relations business. Several PR agencies in India are undertaking brand building exercises for corporate organizations, brands and celebrities. However, to the delight of many among us, the biggest gainers from SMM till date have been the organizations from the Not-for- Profit sector. Several Campaigns like ‘Bell Bajao’ and ‘Jaago Re’ have been quite successful on Social Networking Sites. These campaigns have been spreading the word about their cause through blogs, Twitter and Facebook. SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING STRATEGIES: SMM is still in its infancy. Most of the online retailers though appreciate its positives fallouts on the brand awareness and promotion; they are still in the early stages of adoption. For an organization willing to invest in social media marketing, it is important to understand why SMM is an important marketing strategy and how it can help: This is the age of consumer satisfaction. It is not about selling it is more about interacting. There is a lot to learn from the customers. Using social media one can identify customers, listen to their feedback and use them to improve and innovate on products or services. SMM is not a mass advertising strategy. It can be used to identify peer groups and advertise to that particular group. Social Media can help in identifying influencers and through them one can guide a prospective customer into making a purchase. SMM calls for novel advertising methods as the attention span of online junta is very low. This is largely due to the multitasking phenomena. A person watching a video clip on YouTube might be simultaneously updating a blog, while reading another one and watching friend’s photographs on Facebook. In order to garner their attention away from distractions the advertisement must be innovative and interesting to hold the imagination and attention of the prospect. At the same time the message must also provoke the recipient into action; like seeking a detailed description of the product/service, or suggesting to a friend, or initiating purchase. So, if the advertisement is trying to sell something then it should be conveniently placed with links so that the prospect can make a purchase with least effort. Similarly Social Media can be used to increase customer loyalty through customer support services and hence improve customer retention. Social Media Marketing can also be used by brands to ward off any negative publicity. But the brands will have to be cautious here as over doing it may further aggravate their customers / stakeholders. There are many things that social media can do for business. Developing a strategy for using it means that the firms need to think about what they want to accomplish this year and determine how social media fits into the plan. One of the benefits of a social media strategy is the fact that the available tools can customized for their particular needs. The firms can choose to concentrate their efforts on the sites that seem to offer the best return on investment, while taking a â€Å"wait and see† stand on the others. Better Marketing Communications Any marketing campaign is only as good as its effectiveness in reaching the client. As the saying goes, you can have the best product in the world but its success depends on its reach to the customers. One advantage that social media networks such as Twitter, Blogspot, MySpace and Facebook possess is that of cross-communication. In other words, much of the information is shared across different social sites. In the past, marketing strategies would target a certain audience based on the resources available. These days, however, if a company has a profile page on Facebook, for example, cross talk alone can generate interest, because of the fluidity of social media websites. Social media sites have helped do away with many geographical and communicative borders; companies who have listings with these sites can place themselves in a position where such communication can be just as effective as a targeted marketing campaign. In the same way, if one person subscribes to a certain company’s web page, it is likely his or her friends will see it and too may become interested. Qualified potential clients can come to the company rather than the other way around! Higher Customer Satisfaction When a company is seen as being active on social media sites, it has just established itself as having its proverbial â€Å"finger on the pulse† of modern society. In a very real way, people take notice and assume that the company has something to say, that it is part of the community rather than simply a static web page. By posting regular updates that subscribers can see, business can appeal to their tastes and, more importantly, that business also has the ability to follow trends and change strategies based on the requirement. A keen observation is always essential for these updates. A close association with current scenario and trends will align the business people to more accurately cater to their audience’s needs. In the past, a happy customer was a customer who could become a regular customer. Today, a happy customer or client has the ability to recommend a company to others grouped under similar target audience. Social networks can accomplish much of the work that in the past was allocated to the more traditional e-mail campaigns. Stronger Financial Returns This final factor should be the most obvious and, at the same time, the most motivating. It only stands to reason that with a larger target base, sales and publicity will naturally increase. One important thing to remember is that there are few if any costs when dealing with social sites. In the past, domain names came with a price tag. Even more relevant was the financial burden which often accompanied building a very good website (web design, maintenance, updates, etc). When a company takes advantage of social media, on the other hand, not only does exposure increase if done in the right manner, but also the financial obligation is little, if any. Why, then, are more businesses not taking full advantage of the tools in front of them? One of the issues is that many out there still consider the social media market a â€Å"niche† sector and haven’t fully implemented their campaigns to include social networking as a part of the overall strategy. Other companies state that not all of their employees are open to newer technologies. Still others just don’t have correct media policies in place; i. e. what can be said, how it can be said, the chain of command to approve updates†¦the list can go on and on. The main issue tends to revolve around the adaptation to changing technologies and sources of revenue. CONCLUSION: There is no escaping social media these days, either for individuals or for businesses. Today, it is impossible to separate social media from the online world. Companies are diverting resources and rethinking their traditional outreach strategies. And as the social media wave dissipates into the vast ocean of connected experiences, the term itself will become an entry in dictionaries and encyclopaedias and we will embark on a new era of knowledge, accessibility and experiences unbound by distance, time or physical walls. It is high time that every business adopts social media and takes it seriously!

Marx and Freud: Comparing Their Views Of Human Nature Essay

In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels present their view of human nature and the effect that the economic system and economic factors have on it. Marx and Engels discuss human nature in the context of the economic factors which they see as driving history. Freud, in Civilization and Its Discontents, explores human nature through his psychological view of the human mind. Marx states that history ‘†¦is the history of class struggles’ (9). Marx views history as being determined by economics, which for him is the source of class differences. History is described in The Communist Manifesto as a series of conflicts between oppressing classes and oppressed classes. According to this view of history, massive changes occur in a society when new technological capabilities allow a portion of the oppressed class to destroy the power of the oppressing class. Marx briefly traces the development of this through different periods, mentioning some of the various oppressed and oppressing classes, but points out that in earlier societies there were many gradations of social classes. He also states that this class conflict sometimes leads to ‘†¦the common ruin of the contending classes’ (Marx 9). Marx sees the modern age as being distinguished from earlier periods by the simplification and intensification of the class conflict. He states that ‘Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps†¦ bourgeoisie and proletariat’ (Marx 9). The bourgeoisie, as the dominant class of capitalists, subjugates the proletariat by using it as an object for the expansion of capital. As capitalism progresses, this subjugation reduces a larger portion of the population to the proletariat and society becomes more polarized. According to Marx, the polarization of society and the intense oppression of the proletariat will eventually lead to a revolution by the proletariat, in which the control of the bourgeoisie will be destroyed. The proletariat will then gain control of the means of production. This revolution will result in the creation of a socialist state, which the proletariat will use to institute socialist reforms and eventually communism. The reforms which Marx outlines as occurring in the socialist state have the common goal of disimpowering the bourgeoisie and increasing economic equality. He sees this socialist stage as necessary for but inevitably leading to the establishment of communism. Human beings, which are competitive under capitalism and other prior economic systems, will become cooperative under socialism and communism. Marx, in his view of human nature, sees economic factors as being the primary motivator for human thought and action. He asks the rhetorical question, ‘What else does the history of ideas prove, than that intellectual production changes its character in proportion as material production is changed?’ (Marx 29). For Marx, the economic status of human beings determines their consciousness. Philosophy, religion and other cultural aspects are a reflection of economics and the dominant class which controls the economic system. This view of human nature as being primarily determined by economics may seem to be a base view of humanity. However, from Marx’s point of view, the human condition reaches its full potential under communism. Under communism, the cycle of class conflict and oppression will end, because all members of society will have their basic material needs met, rather than most being exploited for their labor by a dominant class. In this sense the Marxian vie w of human nature can be seen as hopeful. Although human beings are motivated by economics, they will ultimately be able to establish a society which is not based on economic oppression. Freud, in Civilization and Its Discontents, presents a conception of human nature that differs greatly from that of Marx. His view of human nature is more complex than Marx’s. Freud is critical of the Marxist view of human nature, stating that ‘†¦I am able to recognize that the psychological premises on which the [communist] system is based are an untenable illusion. In abolishing private property we deprive the human love of aggression of one of its instruments†¦but we have in no way altered the differences in power and influence which are misused by aggressiveness, nor have we altered anything in its nature’ (Freud 71). Freud does not believe that removal of economic differences will remove the human instinct to dominate others. For Freud, aggression is an innate component of human nature and will exist regardless of how society is formulated. He sees human beings as having both a life instinct (Eros) and an instinct for destruction. In Freud’s view of human reality, the source of conflict, oppression, and destruction in human society is man’s own psychological makeup. Because of Freud’s view of human nature as inherently having a destructive component, he does not believe that a ‘transformation’ of humans to communist men and women will be possible. Marx’s belief that the current capitalist society will evolve into a communist society is not supportable under Freud’s conception of human nature because the desires of human beings are too much in conflict with the demands of any civilized society. This conflict does not exist because of economic inequalities, according to Freud, but rather because it is in human nature to have aggressive desires which are destructive to society. Freud’s approach to the possibility of reducing conflict among humanity focuses on understanding the human mind, the aggressive qualities of human nature, and how human beings’ desires can come into conflict with the demands of human society. He does not believe that the problems of human conflict, aggression, and destruction can be solved by a radical reordering of society as the philosophy of Marx suggests. Instead, Freud looks inside ourselves to explore these problems. At the close of his work, Freud states, ‘The fatef ul question for the human species seems to me to be whether and to what extent their cultural development will succeed in mastering the disturbance of their communal life by the human instinct of aggression and self-destruction’ (Freud 111). Freud does not offer any radical solutions to human aggressiveness, but rather sees it as something that humans must continually strive to overcome. He states ‘†¦I have not the courage to rise up before my fellow-men as a prophet, and I bow to their reproach that I can offer them no consolation†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Freud 111). Freud can not offer some vision of a human utopia, but can only suggest that there is some possibility for the improvement of the human condition and society, but also warns that our success at overcoming destructive instincts may be limited. Marx offers a radical philosophy which also sees conflict as one of the constants of prior human existence. Unlike Freud, Marx believes that the aggressive and conflict-oriented aspects of human nature will disappear under the communist society which he sees as the inevitable product of capitalism. This is the hopeful element of Marx’s philosophy. However, if communism is not seen as inevitable or the possibil ities for reducing human conflict before a socialist revolution are considered, then Marx’s view of human nature locks humanity into constant conflict. If the future is to be like Marx’s version of history, then there is little hopefulness in this view of human nature. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. James Strachey. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961. Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York: International Publishers, 1994.

Reflection reaction 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection reaction 2 - Assignment Example In fact, the country is recorded to have been wealthy and dominated by the Islamic culture at that time; in addition, the country also had large populations of the Jewish people that were prevalent in Europe. The Christian and Muslim religions had shared the Iberian Peninsula, which is the current homeland to Portugal and Spain. During this time, it is recorded that these regions enjoyed relative peace and calm, something that played a role to their wealth and prosperity. When people live together in peace and understanding, they can do great things that can influence the course of life. This was evidence during this time that relative peace and calm characterized these regions. It is believed that the Jewish scholars and their Muslim counterparts collaborated in many things (Hannon 2). For instance, they worked together in the process of compiling great and important works of as well as making translations to this information. The same was applied in other disciplines like mathematics, science and sociology among others. It is believed that the period during and after 1469, saw Spain begin to make important and bold advances towards building its empire. During this period, Ferdinand and Isabella were united as king and Queen setting the pace for these developments. It is believed that the unison of these two people led to the union of Aragon and Castle, which were the most powerful kingdoms at that time (Moore 1). The support for Columbus by these rules played an essential role in bringing some many kingdoms under the Spanish rule. Columbus and other American possession remained under the custody and check of the Spanish rule and were passed to Charles I, who was the grandson of Ferdinand after his death in 1519 (Moore 3). Charles was very famous, history records that by this time, he had already conquered vast lands including Luxembourg,

Biology Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology Article Analysis - Essay Example Miller and several others started to construe that life started not in heat but in ice-at temperatures that hardly any living creatures can currently subsist. The very rules of chemistry may have preferred ice. If existence on Earth began from ice, then man's probability of discovering life in another place in the solar system-not to point out anywhere in the galaxy-could possibly be superior than we could ever think of. The researchers were amazed by the results of the samples which appear better in cold temperatures rather than in room temperatures. With these findings, they tried to submit their documents to a well-known science journal but they were rejected. The reviewer had different theories and notions about their findings such as the idea that the molecules were formed while thawing. Being challenged by this, the researchers conducted more experiments to strengthen the validity and reliability of their claims. When the time came for Trinks to go back to Hamburg in 2003, the scientist had created an assumption that ice was responsible not only for just concentrating chemicals. The ice facade is a plane of positive and negative charges; Trinks predicted those charges seizing specific nucleobases and piling them like Lego, aiding them to combine into a series of RNA. For years scientists had attempted to force RNA chains to develop under all types of circumstances without the means of enzymes; this feat was reached when they were able to form a chain which consisted of about 40 nucleobases. When Biebricher examined his own trials, he was surprised to discover RNA molecules up to 400 bases in length. In more recent, some of his experiments he states he has monitored RNA molecules 700 bases in length. The scientist's outcomes are incredible that some contemporaries have questioned whether unintentional contamination is a possible reason. Orgel supported the experiment. He stated that it was a remarkable result. The experiments and finding of the research opens up possibilities of being able to answer the origin of life on earth as well as the probability of man being able to live elsewhere in the solar system. The common themes that I have noticed on the discussions in the article that I had are: identification and justification of the experiments and findings of different researchers and scientists, the scientific explanations of opposing views and reactions regarding the experiments, the collaboration of experts in the field of biology. Aside from this, the article also provided an insight as to how tedious the jobs of researchers are for it takes years or even decades to be able to come up with breakthrough findings which needs adequate amount of evidence for support. Even though the research already existed for decades, the public still has skepticisms that can be used to challenge, oppose and criticize the works of the researchers. Miller

Market Competitiveness Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market Competitiveness Strategy - Essay Example Axtell Taylor approach is through offering a high minimum wage which is 30% of their gross profit giving them an advantage of 5% difference. Murdock Hyundai on the other hand employs offering the highest bonus profit. This is because their mission is to provide an outstanding service through well trained mechanics (www.murdockautogroup.com). They give as high as 1750 for a 20 unit sale which is far from 500 Axtell gives. Further, they offer another compensation bonus if new cars are sold which their competitors do not have. On top of this, their subsidy for health insurance has the best. Although Wilson motor, Axtell and Hyundai are all in the car business, their marketing compensation strategy plays a very important role for them to stay in this kind of business. It is believed that the trust, efficiency and effectiveness of employees are the success behind a business. This is achieve by compensating them

Qualitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Qualitative Research - Essay Example In most cases, qualitative research depends on small samples or focus groups. One of the most important elements of a growing and sustainable economy is by far the definition of its healthcare system among other important aspects. The purpose of this study is to reveal the missing link in the US healthcare system, which makes the status of the country to paradoxically perform poorly despite massive economic muscle. Among the best run healthcare systems in the world today, it has been demonstrated that the financial element of the industry implicates the type of service provided. It therefore implies that the financial and economic decisions made by the government and policy makers determine the level of quality in the service provision. In this study, the American healthcare system is considered in determining why it is among the most expensive in the world yet the quality of delivery is negatively related to this financial fact (Chantrill, 2011). The significance of this study is to demonstrate that the quality of healthcare provision is determined by a combination of healthcare decision making stakeholders in a balanced input. Without inclusion of the right contributors in the decision making, huge industries as the US healthcare system are deemed faulty and ironically incompetently run. The reason for using qualitative approach in definition of the research problem is in the need to give an answer to the question; why the American healthcare case can be likened to deficiency amidst plenty. The qualitative resolution to this case rolls back on the quality of comprehensive decision and policy making (Johnson, 2010). Qualitative methodology of choice in the study was case study comparisons for simple indicators of performance and the state of healthcare in the UK and in the US. The choice of these two countries was perhaps arrived at due to the many aspects of excellent standards in

Key Responsibilities Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Key Responsibilities Presentation - Essay Example Rationale: The smooth implementation of tasks and responsibilities of security personnel need an efficient system of interaction between officers of the organization, the safety and security investigators and the rest of the personnel in terms of addressing issues concerning security, safety, emergency plans, as well as business continuity measures. The role of the security personnel is very critical in ensuring that there exists a workable system to ward off danger and to prevent any harm in the organization. These encompass the following specific responsibilities such as: (1) Maintains a registry of research projects and/or proposals involving security and safety of the organization; (2) Reports incidents of problems of safety or non-compliance; (3) Prepares reports regarding significant deficiencies, noncompliance, or other emergency issues to be forwarded to management for proper and immediate action; and (4) Reports any repairs immediately necessary for facilities used for security and safety of the organization such as: CCTV cameras, checking alarm systems, among others. Rationale: Actually, in addition to these reports, as discussed during the modules on disaster response, incident command system and business continuity plan, the security personnel have obligations to comply with reportorial documents needed to ensure safety and security of personnel such as incident reports on accidents, falls, disasters, emergencies, and the like. Rationale: The security personnel should maintain the file of important contact numbers such as the National Response Center, the State Emergency Response Commissions, Local Emergency Planning Committees, Fire departments, Police deparments, among others. In the module discussing response scenarios and disaster response and business continuity measures, the critical role of the security personnel in reaching the proper authorities could not be

What role has human activity played in causing climate change Essay

What role has human activity played in causing climate change - Essay Example Fossil fuels burnt to achieve humanistic objectives raise the extent of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbons. Besides, rapid deforestation has also contributed to the 30% increase in the extent of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last two centuries which is even expected to double in amount by the end of 21st century should the current practices continue. (Hamburg et al, 1997). Methane, second to carbon dioxide in amount in the atmosphere is generated from rice cultivation and decaying landfills. Human agricultural and industrial activities have drastically increased the amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which has led to an increase in temperature and ozone depletion. Studies have been conducted on various levels to estimate the human contribution to the change in climate and scientists are of the view that had humans not been involved in the game, Earth’s surface temperature would not ha ve even risen by 0.5C where it is actually foreseen to rise by 3.5C till 2100 since 1991. (Hamburg et al, 1997). Research suggests that humans are chiefly responsible for changes in climate. Hamburg, SP, Harris, N, Jaeger, J, Karl, TR, McFarland, M, Mitchell, JFB, Oppenheimer, M, Santer, BD, Schneider, S, Trenberth, KE and Wigley, TML 1997. â€Å"Common Questions about Climate Change†. United Nations Environment Programme - World Meteorological Organization, viewed 5 September, 2010,

Evaluation of Banking Competition between 2 countries Essay

Evaluation of Banking Competition between 2 countries - Essay Example This set of statistical methods aids in the instrumentation of a unique symmetric and unbiased estimator to calculate the central moment for a given distribution. For instance, the estimator h can be evaluated as: 1. Both the countries are members of the developed world. Sufficient data is available to carry out the required estimation over an extended period of time. For example, CL, NA, OBS, DEP, etc. were available for Antwerps Beroepskrediet (which is a Belgian cooperative bank) over the years 1998, 2001 and 2004. In the case of Denmark too, similar variety and quantity of critical data were available. 2. The countries are important members of the EU. Both of them share the compact regional economy of the Western Europe. Apart from availability of data, the Belgian and Danish banks are facing several challenges due to expansion of the EU. 3. Both the countries have advanced following the capitalist model of development. The geographical vicinity between them might have caused mutual influence and serious undercurrents in the bilateral relationships. In the sphere of analysis of banking competition, J. A. Bikker and J. W. B. Bos have eloquently remarked, â€Å"In observing trends, we distinguish original causes, subsequent changes in banking behavior and in the structure of financial markets, and final consequences, aware all the while, that this classification may be somewhat arbitrary.† (Bikker, J. A. and Bos, J. W. B., 2008) In this way, country specific banking behaviour can be put in correlation with financial markets which are profoundly influenced by the bond markets and the quantity of national assets. With the lapse of time, apart from qualitative analysis, quantitative methods too have emerged as tools of critical importance in modern financial research (McCrary, S. A., 2010). The Panzar-Rosse revenue test to estimate the competitive circumstances and parameters in the realm of banking depends on certain empirical

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

Journal - Essay Example These skills not only prove to be useful in one’s career but also in one’s daily life. For example, one of the skills you develop is delegating work to your subordinates. If you are the kind of person who wants everything perfect then this maybe a bit difficult because other people in your view can never perform that job in the same way that you can. But what delegation does is that it saves you a lot of time and that time can be spent on other more important things rather than paying too much attention on petty details. But this is not as simple as it sounds. Delegation simply does not work itself many a times especially in the context of student societies when the students are working for free without any monetary incentive. What this situation requires is a mix of charisma and knowledge of as to how to motivate your subordinates. Your personality should have strong communication skills and if you are delegating a difficult task to your subordinate then you need to ex plain to him what intrinsic value he can derive from that work when there is no apparent monetary benefit. These are some of the skills that you can always integrate in your office life and in your daily life. For instance the experience that I gained at university in the student society can easily be utilized in arranging a grand family reunion or a wedding in the family. There are many parts of my story which serve as a source of wisdom and knowledge for me in an optimistic way. For instance being the president of a student society means that you have to deal with the responsibility of the society as well as the pressure of your studies and maintaining your social life. This sometimes creates a lot of stress and time management issues. But when you look back at that time after a few years, you realize that the skills gained back then are proving to be mighty useful. Some

Human Communications Essay Example for Free

Human Communications Essay Everyone has a slightly different style of communicating this is one of the things that make every individual unique. As we know communication is a two-way process and effective communication requires everyone involved to be able to express their own thoughts and messages and to understand the communication of others. In a way it is our job to ensure that we find ways of communicating language needs, preferences can be quite wide ranging, someone may require an interpreter or signer or someone else may need communication to take place in a quite environment and at a slower pace. We had a little girl who’s first language was welsh and luckily I am fluent and was able to assist her a lot in communicating with others, also we now have a parent who has partial hearing loss and I ensure that the environment is quite when we talk. When working with adults, we can ask them directly how to accommodate communication or work out for ourselves that a person cannot speak English. My twins have a friend in school who is Turkish and their mother struggles with English, we communicate by using Google translate on our mobile phones. It is also important to establish a level of formality required as not everyone wants to be called by their first name, some will prefer to make appointments rather than just â€Å"turn up†. It is also useful to be aware that written communications can be daunting for some people, a home-setting link book is a good idea, but you must check that the parents or carer’s are comfortable with reading and writing. With children it can be challenging to decide the best way to communicate, for example babies and young children will still be developing speech and so talking alone will not work. This is why we use facial expression and gestures to point at things, so that a baby or toddlers are more likely to understand what we are trying to say. We also need to learn to interpret what a baby of toddler is trying to communicate when crying or what a toddler is trying to express when gesturing to some objects.

Bible 105 Essay Example for Free

Bible 105 Essay Proverbs poetically presents Hebrew teachings on the topics of wealth, marriage, family, self-control, and relationships. It distinctly outlines the differences between wisdom and folly as well as diligence and laziness. Wisdom and diligence will bless your life and the lives of those you touch, while laziness and folly bring nothing but failure and heartache to everyone involved. Hebrew wisdom literature provides sound advice in our daily walk with Christ. â€Å"The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and instruction†. Proverbs 1:7) The foundation of knowledge and wisdom is to fear the Lord. As a Christian, knowledge and wisdom are what we seek in our relationship with Christ. To despise these would mean that we don’t want a relationship with Him, and we would continue to walk in the ways of the world. Solomon’s wise sayings give fair warning about what it means to be wise in learning, and the consequences of rejecting God’s commands. â€Å"The wise in heart will receive commands, but a prating fool will fall†. Proverbs 10:8) Our hearts need to be diligent in making godly decisions so that God can continue to work in and through us. By choosing to hear God’s commands and following through with carrying them out day to day, we are preparing for our home in heaven. No one sets out to fail in life but when we are not open to applying the Word of God in all aspects of life then we will surely fall. â€Å"The crown of the wise is their riches, but the foolishness of fools is folly†. (Proverbs 14:24) The only reward for the fool is more folly which will result in total destruction. Foolishness may seem fun at the time, but before you know it your marriage has fallen apart, your family is gone, and you no longer have self-control over your actions. In order for our character to point to Christ, we must first have a heart that listens to His commands, actions that follow through with the commands, and by doing these others will witness Christ in us. â€Å"Commit your works to the Lord, and your thoughts will be established†. (Proverbs 16:3) Submission to the will of God fulfills your righteous plans. This will give evidence to those around you that you are walking with God. It’s a testimony to your wife and family that you are committed to being a spiritual leader which points them to the will of God. A fool’s life is characterized by pleasure. The problem occurs when we no longer find pleasure in God, but find it solely in one’s own resources. â€Å"The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, while the heart of fools is in the house of pleasure†. (Ecclesiastes 7:4) Solomon reminds us to think clearly about death. In doing so it allows us time to examine the direction of our life and time to confess our sins, and find forgiveness from God. Eventually we all die and it makes sense to plan ahead which will allow us to experience God’s mercy rather than spending eternity separated from Him. The wise is honored and their soul is redeemed while the foolish is destroyed. â€Å"Notice the way God does things, then fall into line. Don’t fight the ways of God, for who can straighten out what he has made crooked†. Ecclesiastes 7:13) God is sovereign and controls all of creation. Our destiny is in His hands, and only doing things His way leads to wisdom and knowledge. One of my favorites is from Proverbs 3. â€Å"Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding, in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths†. (Proverbs 3: 5-6) Trusting in God means to let go and give Him full control over your life. He knows the plans He has for you and by submitting to Him those plans can be fulfilled. Don’t try to be wise in your own eyes, but be willing to listen to God and make Him a vital part of everything you do. Let Him guide you because you are working to accomplish His purposes. The book of Proverbs has much to teach Christians today. Its wisdom will help us to avoid trouble and honor God in all we say and do. We don’t want to be the fool that ignores God. He wants His people to be wise, it shows that we seek to know and love God above all else. God views our success as having a good reputation, moral character, and the spiritual diligence to obey Him.

Rise and Failure of Monetarism in the 1980s

Rise and Failure of Monetarism in the 1980s Expand and Explain the Rise and Failure of Monetarism during the 1980s Monetarism, as an economic and political policy in the United Kingdom, (Hereafter UK) can be seen to have come to the fore in the late 1970s with the election of Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party. The government’s brief experimentation with the concept was arguably over by 1982. However, the rise and failure of monetarism cannot be explained fully by analysis of the 1980s alone. It is necessary to consider the historical precursors to the elevation of monetarism as a key economic and political policy. A vital component in understanding this is the demise of Keynesianism as a desirable economic policy. Furthermore, we need to discuss to what extent monetarism it can be said to have failed completely. In addition to this the discussion herein will analyse the relevance of using macroeconomic terms to understand political, economic and historical issues. The essay will conclude that the rise of monetarism came about due to the nature of the global economy and that the study of monetarism is useful as it reflects not only the political complexion of the nation state but the wider global influences. Finally, the essay will concur with Bradford De Long’s theory that monetarism, a failure as a complete experiment, still retains an influence on modern economic thinking. Before embarking upon a discussion of the rise and demise of monetarism it is necessary to establish what is meant by the term. Monetarism is defined as ‘a system of controlling a countrys economy by limiting how much money is in use at a particular time’ (Cambridge Dictionary 2004, online). Monetarism, as promoted by Milton Friedman[1], focuses upon price stability, in contrast to Keynesian economics that place the greater emphasis on the rigidity of currency value. While the 1980s provide the main focus of debate the growth of the theory’s popularity can be traced to the 1950s. It is therefore necessary to briefly establish the precursors to the 1980s to comprehend the rise and fall of the monetarist system. Macroeconomic models, such as monetarism, can be an important tool in understanding history, economics and politics. During the late 1970s macroeconomic models were important not only in understanding economics but also because modellers were close to policy-makers. The economic modellers had an important influence on the events at the time and offer another way of understanding the historic and political significance of the early 1980s (Wren-Lewis 1995, p. 204). The benefits of such an approach is that one can move away from analyses dependent on concepts of national politics, concepts such as Thatcherism: Approaches which look at the recomposition of the British state during the 1980s in terms of ‘Thatcherism’ fail to conceptualise the global relations of exploitation in and through which the British state subsists (Bonefeld 1993, pp. 252-3). In contrast, the study of economic policy, in this case monetarism, cannot be divorced from the global political and economic issues of the time. It is important to this discussion that a wide view is taken to reflect the various impacts and influences on politics and economics. Such an approach is one adopted by many academic writers on the subject. For example Saad-Filho and Johnstone’s collected work on neo-liberalism includes a discussion of monetarism (Saad-Filho and Johnstone 2004) while economic, political and historical journals all contain reference to the political and economic changes of the period. Thus, monetarism as a concept allows us to deal with a number of combined elements simultaneously. Without the relevant social, political and economic environment an economic policy, like monetarism, would not have been able to take a foothold and assume dominance over Keynesian modes of thinking. However, such difficulties were apparent at the time. Economic planners were faced with difficulties that Keynesianism did not appear able to address. The problem faced by economic planners is most clearly illustrated by the growth of inflation. In the period between the end of the Korean War and the beginning of the 1970s, the inflation rate in the United Kingdom never rose above the 5% annual figure. However, this figure rose to 17%, then 27% and back to around 15% in 1974, 1975 and 1976 respectively (Kenway 1994, p. 124). Indeed, the world economy had become strained even by the late 1960s. As Harold Wilson took office in October 1964 at the head of the Labour Party, the Prime Minister was embarking upon a period of economic upheaval. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, James Callaghan, sought to replenish Britain’s gold reserves, cut wages and improve exports of British goods. Hindered by industrial unrest he and his successor, Roy Jenkins, failed to control rising wages. This example is symptomatic economic difficulties that led to elevation of monetarism as a way of improving the economy. By the mid-1970s ‘Keynesianism appeared to be a spent force’ (Bonefeld 1995, p. 35). Not only was this the case but in contrast monetarism was on the ascendancy, as David Smith has summarised: For monetarists, and in particular British monetarists, the early 1970s were what the Great Depression had been for Keynes and his followers. Existing ideas about economic policy had been dealt a savage blow by actual events (Smith 1991, p. 45). One of these actual events was the move away from the Bretton Woods system.[2] This was a reaction to the economic difficulties that increasingly resulted in the disengagement of labour from capital. Monetarist policies sought to re-associate the relationship between the market and labour. As part of this process, advocates of monetarist policy sought to greater exploit the labour force, lower their wages and cut expenditure upon public services. Monetarism was designed to make market freedom the deciding factor in regulating the economy rather than maintaining labour at an artificial level. Its appeal was such that monetarism was being accepted as a viable economic school of thought in all western countries by the mid-1970s. Central to the philosophy of monetarism, as Bonefeld points out, was the abolition of employment guarantees as a pre-condition for economic recovery (Bonefeld 1995, p. 36). Power over the economy would be taken back from organised labour and the free market would regulate the relationship between money and the workforce. As part of this trade unions became undesirable and any false elevation of the role of labour, through artificial levels of employment and high wages, had to be addressed. Monetarism, therefore, with its emphasis on the strict relationship between money and exploitation of labour, appeared to offer a solution to the problem of people and governments spending ‘beyond their means’. In essence, monetarism offered ‘a capitalism of ‘value for money’’ with Labour subjugated to the same level as any other factor of production (Bonefeld 1995, p. 45). Monetarism’s appeal would not have been effective without apparent difficulties in the dominant economic theory of the time, Keynesianism. In part, the predominant Keynesian philosophy was undermined by the overly-confident position of its proponents. They failed to consider the threat to their dominant model and the serious competition posed by monetarism. However, this was in direct contrast to the reality of the economic landscape. In this respect the star of Keynesianism was on the descent in the eyes of many people: The old Keynesianism lost its hold within economics, not because economists ceased to believe in the importance of unemployment, but rather because they ceased to believe the Keynesian account of how those variables were determined and, in particular, the means by which the government could influence them. The transformation from Keynesianism to Monetarism required, therefore, a transformation of views about how the economy worked. (Kenway 1994, p. 10). The transition of views referred to by Kenway started to materialise with a growing appreciation for the monetarist system in some circles. On the academic front the cause of monetarists in the UK was boosted as Harry Johnson was appointed Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics (Hereafter LSE). His influence spanned the Atlantic from Chicago to London and he became a key academic proponent of monetarism. This position was bolstered as Johnson formed the driving force behind the Money Study Group at LSE, which was a forum for monetary theory and policy. The Money Study Group provided the respectable face of monetarism and highlighted the growing body of academic in favour of it. Academic support alone could not account for the elevation of monetarism over Keynesian philosophies. The House of Commons and the role of policy-makers were, of course, necessary for the successful implementation of any economic policy. Johnson and other economists, with the help of Conservative MP Richard Body, produced a pamphlet entitled A Memorial to the Prime Minister. The document was signed by eight leading monetarists and had the support in the House of Commons of forty Conservative MPs. The producers of the pamphlet, who called themselves the ‘Economic Radicals’, attacked the policy of Edward Heath’s government, but with little effect on his political position or outlook. Despite the ‘Economic Radicals’ making another public appeal in 1974 a second miner’s strike brought about two general elections and a Labour government. This was a failure for the Conservative Party but it ultimately pushed the party towards the Right and towards Ma rgaret Thatcher, a key proponent of monetarist doctrine. In the public sphere monetarism also began to attract some influential backing. David Smith has also demonstrated that monetarism began to find some powerful allies in the newspaper world of Fleet Street. Samuel Brittan, economic commentator for the Financial Times and Peter Jay, economic editor for The Times, both favoured monetarist economic philosophy. Eventually this favouritism evolved to open advocacy for monetarism and, as Smith argues, they were soon joined by others (Smith 1991, p. 52). Such support would have no doubt been invaluable for bolstering the attractiveness of monetarism. It put the debate into the public arena, allowing people to become involved or at least aid understanding of the debates in question. Furthermore, the influence would have had a reassuring effect on the City, a key ingredient in the success of any economic policy. Monetarism, therefore, was not an unknown ideal in 1979 when Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Party swept into office. On the contrary, as had been discussed above, the Conservative Party had in some part been pushed to the Right of the political spectrum because of economic issues. However, it was not necessarily such a clear break from previous policy as one might assume. Instead one agrees with Bonefeld’s view that 1979 brought continuity as well as change: [T]he shift from Labour to Conservative government in 1979 comprises a complex of discontinuous and continuous elements. In the 1970s, there was an integration of monetarist policies with Keynesian forms of class collaboration; the incoming Thatcher government continued, in a more radical fashion, monetarist economic policies in a monetarist framework (Bonefeld 1993, p. 251). Bonefeld is careful to assert that the Thatcher government’s approach to economic policy, while more radical, was not revolutionary. As with the study of history it is vital to understand the continuity as well as the changes in society. With this in mind it is easy to see why Bonefeld was clear, as discussed earlier, in condemning those who viewed the period in Thatcherism. Not only were they ignoring the wider global ramifications, but also by studying Thatcherism specifically one is tending to ignore the continuity and place over-emphasis on change. As the Conservatives came to power they did so with a determination to beat high inflation rates in the United Kingdom. Their position had been weakened partially by previous national wage rises. This was in contrast to the ‘tight money’ principles of monetarism. Thus, while attempting to curb inflation the levels actually rose to 22% by May 1980 (Pugh 1990, p. 347). Thatcher’s government sought to adhere more firmly to the monetarist principles as a way of tackling monetarism. A key component of this was Geoffrey Howe’s budget of 1981 which is ‘generally taken to be the most dramatic demonstration of the fact that Keynesianism was no more’ (Smith 1991, p. 105). But there was some ambiguity about the aims and methods of monetarist policy as Pugh highlights: Though professed for many years by marginal figures in the economics profession, monetarism remained an unproved theory; and it was not clear what exactly constituted the money supply. For some years Chancellors of the Exchequer kept changing their definition in an effort to apply the theory in the real world (Pugh 1990, p. 347). Thus the concept of monetarism was a difficult one to grasp and the theory was harder to implement under real economic conditions. Yet, despite this there was some evidence to suggest that by 1981 the Conservative’s policy of monetarism was beginning to yield some positive results in the fight against inflation. But this came at a cost. The 1981 budget had introduced strict monetarist policies because although inflation had fallen in 1981 it had done so because the economy was in economic depression. Howe therefore set about implementing some heavy-handed deflationary measures. His budget brought with it large tax increases, a reduction in borrowing by the public sector which fell from  £13.5 billion to  £10.5 billion (Pugh 1990, p. 347). The fear was that this would lead to high unemployment. Mrs Thatcher could have been politically challenged at this point. A number of politicians disagreed with her stance and had they resigned they may have forced her hand. However, failure to do so emboldened Thatcher who embarked on a period of strengthening her position. She rid herself of the so-called ‘wets’ in her party, the likes of St John Stevas, Gilmour, Pym and Prior, while simultaneously promoting these close and loyal to her such as Norman Tebbit, Nigel Lawson and Cecil Parkinson. However, while the monetarist policy failed to halt Thatcher politically the economic consequences were widespread. Britain was set for the worse economic depression for fifty years, with unemployment reaching 2.7 million. The Conservatives continued to claim their policy was intended to aid the country in the long-term. Between 1983 and 1988 Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Lawson, pointed to some economic growth as proof of the success of Conservative monetarist policies. Indeed, as Pugh points out, the Conservatives could rightly point to decreased union militancy as evidence of their success in redressing the imbalance between money and labour influence. However, as Pugh also suggests, this had as much to do with the high rates of unemployment as it did of any successful government policy (Pugh 1990, p. 348). Thatcher’s monetarist policies allowed the manufacturing industry to fall into decline. Although the period saw some expansion of service industry this was by no means enough to make up for the losses in industry. Furthermore, it sometimes exacerbated other issues. For example, as the service sector grew and demanded more use of computers the balance of trade deficit was increased as more computers were imported. Britain’s lack of a strong export sector heightened the economic decline and to protect the pound from currency speculation high interest rates were introduced. Not all of these difficulties were clearly evident at the time, for Nigel Lawson was claiming a mini-boom in the mid-1980s. The Conservatives won elections in 1983 and 1987 despite high unemployment rates. In this respect the monetarist principle of getting people to accept unemployment and move away from notions of guaranteed employment appeared to be working. However, what expansion there was came at the expense of mounting personal debt. Martin Pugh has shown how private debt per household rose between 1980 and 1989 from  £16 billion to  £47 billion. In the same period borrowing on mortgages shot up from  £43 billion to  £235 billion (Pugh 1990, p. 350). Lawson did not learn from previous mistakes either. The high rises in personal debt did fuel a consumer boom. Consumer booms in turn generate a feel good factor in society however it is unsustainable because of the levels of debt incurred. Furthermore, with the decline in manufacturing the demand for consumer goods had to be satiated by importing items, thus further expanding the trade deficit to new heights. Lawson then exacerbated the situation to an even greater extent. He continued to fuel the consumer boom but the economy turned down once more. Despite his protestations that this was only a temporary problem the fact remained that a second depression had been brought into effect. As Pugh explains this had substantial political repercussion: Monetarism had long since been abandoned as unworkable, so that the government had no weapons at its disposal except for the highly destructive use of interest rates which, at 13 per cent, severely handicapped industry. The appearance of a second depression with the decade undermined all the claims made for Mrs Thatcher’s radical economic strategy†¦ After twelve years in power Mrs Thatcher was to leave office with the economy demonstrably weaker than when she first took over (Pugh 1990, p. 351) There is no question of economics influencing the downfall of the Conservative Party and more specifically Mrs Thatcher. The cause and effects of depression appeared to be obvious signs of a failed policy in monetarism. However, debate continues to surround the point at which it is fair to say that monetarism itself failed or was superseded by newer economic thinking. Furthermore, it should also be considered whether or not monetarism ever failed entirely of if the policy has continued in some form. Thatcher had come to power as the world trade recession was worsening and the combination of these two economic factors was damaging as social historian Arthur Marwick explains: In this context the Government’s determination to adhere strictly to the principles of monetarism and to ruthlessly curtail public spending had very serious repercussions. Unemployment in 1979 had eased to 5.7%. In 1980-1 it took off astronomically and by the end of 1982 had more than doubled, with a rate of 13.4 per cent, and a highest-ever number of people out of work 3,190,621 (Marwick 1990, pp. 271-2). On these figures alone it would appear that monetarism was an ill-suited remedy to the economic difficulties. However, the Conservative government was implementing standard monetarist principles. They sought to lower taxation in an effort to reward greater free market enterprise. In direct opposition to socialist principles as much financial choice as possible was to be left with the individual. The state should, under these circumstances, take a back seat. Part of this deregulation took the form of attempting to limit the power of trade unions and channelling money into small businesses. Monetarism went hand-in-hand with de-industrialisation. Debate and uncertainty remains over whether monetarism can be said to have failed by 1982. Despite the debatable end of Keynesianism in 1981, arguably monetarism in its simple form did not last past 1982. The 1980-2 economic crisis meant policy-makers responded with Keynesian deficit demand management. In 1982, at a time when Mexico almost defaulted, the March 1982 UK budget appeared, to some people, to present another watershed in economic planning: To some commentators, March 1982 represented the end of the monetarist experiment. That was premature. But it was the start of the official process of unwinding the policy (Smith 1991, p. 106). It was premature because the flirtation with monetarist principles did not end entirely. After the 1982 budget some improvements in the economy were visible. For example, inflation fell; modest recovery was noticeable although unemployment remained high. But as politics began playing into the economic equation Howe sought to woo the electorate with economic incentives in the run-up to a 1983 election. By initiating a consumer boom before the election the economic cycle had returned to one of boom and bust. It is true that the Conservatives did not manage to adhere strictly to their own spending limits and therefore appeared to be undermining their monetarist economic roots. However, Marwick argues the reality is not as clear cut as this: But the very definite restrictions on expenditure in certain areas, the whole concept of ‘level funding’, that is to say funding that did not automatically make adjustments for inflation or pay settlements (as had been the general principle in the ‘consensus’ period), and the ready resort to high interest rates, continued to give government policy a distinct monetarist flavour (Marwick 1990, p.312). It is perhaps therefore wrong to discard the concept of monetarism post-1982. As Howe moved to the Foreign Office to be replaced by Nigel Lawson the UK saw a brief return to rigid adherence to monetarism. If viewed in light of Marwick’s comments this should not be seen as surprising for the monetarist undertones were still prevalent. Thus, alternatively Smith proposes that the January 1985 Sterling crisis marked the changeover point from pragmatic monetarism to pragmatism (Smith 1991, p. 123). Arguably then we can trace the rise and demise of monetarist policy and conclude, as Smith does, that a clear watershed was reached. However, an alternative discussion is purported by Bradford De Long who suggests that the New Keynesian ideas that appeared to supersede monetarism in fact actually contain many of the same elements, under a different name (Bradford De Long 2000, p. 84): We may not all be Keynesians now, but the influence of monetarism on how we all think about macroeconomics today ahs been deep, persuasive, and subtle (Bradford De Long 2000, p. 85). In this respect it may be incorrect to study the rise and failure of monetarism as a policy. This may be particularly incorrect if one talks only of the monetarist experiment and specifically 1979 to the early-to-mid 1980s. Monetarism did not begin in 1979 with Thatcher’s government and an analysis of it in terms of Thatcherism ignores too many other economic, global and political variables. In much the same way, if we adopt Bradford De Long’s conclusions it may be incorrect to talk of the failure of monetarism. However, as Pugh’s argument suggests it seems to be during Thatcher’s time that monetarism came to the fore of public knowledge. Arguably the peak of monetarism’s influence came in this period of the short experiment. However, the rise and fall of monetarism must take into account the wider implications outlined above to provide a more complete understanding. Furthermore, while its most public experimentation may have occurred in the 1980s t his does not preclude its existence and therefore its importance in either the period before or the period after. Bibliography Online Sources Cambridge Dictionary Online, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=51549dict=CALD, (Accessed 12th June 2005). Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetarism, (Accessed 11th June 2005). Articles Bonefeld, Werner ‘Monetarism and Crisis’, in Bonefeld, Werner and Holloway, John (eds), Global Capital, National State and the Politics of Money, (London 1995, pp. 35-68). Bradford De Long, J, ‘The Triumph of Monetarism?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter 2000, pp. 83-94). Wren-Lewis, Simon, ‘Review. From Keynesianism to Monetarism: The Evolution of UK Macroeconomic Models’, The Elconomic Journal, Vol. 104, No. 428 (January 1995, pp. 203-5). Books Bonefeld, Werner, The Recomposition of the British State during the 1980s, (Aldershot: 1993). Kenway, Peter, From Keynesianism to Monetarism. The Evolution of UK Macroeconomic Models, (London: 1994). Marwick, Arthur, British Society since 1945, (London: 1990). Pugh, Martin, State and Society. A Social and Political History of Britain 1870-1997, (London: 1999) Saad-Filho, Alfredo and Johnstone, Deborah (eds), Neoliberalism. A Critical Reader, London: 2004). Smith, David, The Rise and Fall of Monetarism. The Theory and Politics of an Economic Experiment, (London: 1991). 1 [1] Milton Friedman was an American economist known for his promotion of laissez-faire capitalism. For a biography of the man consult the Wikipedia online encyclopaedia at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman. [2] The scheme is described thus: ‘The Bretton Woods system regulated the international deficit financing of demand on the world market on the basis of an inflationary supply of dollars to the rest of the world’ (Bonefeld 1995, p. 35). Bretton Woods was so named after the New Hampshire village where it was devised in 1944.

Swallowing Stones :: essays research papers

Throughout the novel Swallowing Stones, Michael is faced with problem after problem. Each problem that occurs, he must make choice after choice. Michael is faced with a position that he must make the choice that will change the course of his indefinitely. Michael soon finds out the mystery death of Charlie Ward. Soon Michael starts asking himself the question â€Å"Could he be Charlie Ward’s Killer?† Michael is sure of it. He is now faced with the ultimate consequences that he must face. He knows that if he turns himself he might be let off easy. But then Joe gets him thinking about how easy it would be to just get away with it. He knows that there is know way that they could ever trace that bullet back to his Grandfathers antique rifle, or could they. Michael soon decides that if he can trust Joe enough to keep in silence, he may be able to out wit the police. When Michael makes his decision, he never considers the ramifications that will come of it. For example, Michael never even considers the long agonizing nights he will stay awake or the ling pain filled days he will go through thinking of Jenna Ward and her mother suffering day after day. On the contrary, Michael thinks he will be able to just move on and forget about it. Michael soon realizes that he wishes he would have simply turned himself in. Afterwards, it seemed like such a logical choice, but he knew that if he did he would be breaking the loyalty to Joe. Michael changed drastically over the course of only a few weeks. He learned more about his friends, family, and himself than he ever wanted to know.

John Adams Influence on America :: American History

John Adams' Influence on America JOHN ADAMS – A SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY 1301 – U.S. HISTORY TO 1877 WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON DURING THE EARLY U.S. HISTORY, GEORGE WASHINGTON COMES TO THE FOREFRONT. INCIDENTLY, DUE TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH, THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON PEOPLE OR EVENTS ON HISTORY BEFORE 1877. TO MY SURPRISE, INFORMATION WAS LOCATED ON JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS. JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS SUPPOSIVELY HAD A WONDERFUL LIFE AND MARRIAGE TOGETHER. JOHN ADAMS SOMETIMES SEEMED TO BE A CONTRADICTING, RUDE AND OUTSPOKEN MAN, BUT AT OTHER TIMES PLAYFUL AND TENDER. ABIGAIL’S INTELLIGENT, CARING AND WITTY CHARACTER MADE UP FOR JOHN’S MANNERS, THEIR MARRIAGE SIGNIFIES THE POSITION IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS INVOLVED IN THE EVOLVING OF A GREAT MAN, FOR HER IMPORTANT FAMILY CONNECTIONS PROBABLY BENEFITED HIS CAREER. JOHN ADAMS WAS BORN IN 1735, BRAINTREE, MASSACHUSETTS TO JOHN ADAMS AND SUSANNA BOYLSTON. JOHN ADAMS WAS THE ELDEST OF THREE SONS. MR AD AMS WAS A DEACON AND FARMER (WHICH MEANT THE FAMILY WAS NOT WEALTHY). MRS ADAMS WAS BORN FROM ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS (THE BOYLSTON’S OWNED A LOT OF PROPERTY). JOHN ADAMS GRADUATED FROM HARVARD IN 1755. UPON GRADUATING, HE WAS OFFERED A JOB TO TEACH IN WORCHESTER. LIKE MOST BACHELORS, JOHN HAD NO INTEREST IN CHILDREN OR THE SLIGHTEST UNDERSTANDING OF THEM. BUT LIKE ANYONE HE ADAPTED TO THE SITUATION, PROBABLY BECAUSE HE HAD TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS. JOHN MARRIED ABIGAIL SMITH IN 1764. ABIGAIL WAS THE SECOND OF FOUR CHILDREN, BORN IN 1744. ABIGAIL WAS A MINISTER’S DAUGHTER ( REV WILLIAM SMITH ) FROM THE NEARBY TOWN OF WEYMOUTH. SHE KNEW OF JOHN THROUGH A COUSIN, HANNAH QUINCY. JOHN WOULD COME TO HER HOUSE WITH HER SISTER’S (MARY) FINANCEE (MR CRANCH). JOHN AND ABIGAIL BEGAN DATING ON THE DAY THE FAMILY PLANNED HER SISTER’S WEDDING. JOHN THOUGHT ABIGAIL WAS THE MOST EDUCATED WOMAN HE HAD MET. ABIGAIL’S MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY, DIDNâ⠂¬â„¢T THINK TOO HIGHLY OF JOHN BECAUSE SHE THOUGHT LAWYERS WERE WICKED. THEY COURTED FOR SOME TIME. MRS SMITH WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELAY, SUPPOSIVELY SHE COULD NOT BARE TO LOSE TWO DAUGHTERS IN ONE YEAR. UPON MARRIAGE TO JOHN, ABIGAIL MOVED TO BRAINTREE. SHE HAD TO TRANSITION FROM THE POSITION OF A FIRST FAMILY OF WEYMOUTH TO THE MODEST SOCIAL STANDING OF THE ADAMS. SOMEHOW ABIGAIL FOLLOWED THE SAME STEPS AS JOHN’S MOTHER (THE BOYLSTON, WAS ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS) WHO THOUGHT TO HAVE MARRIED BENEATH HER WHEN SHE CHOSE JOHN ADAMS. John Adams' Influence on America :: American History John Adams' Influence on America JOHN ADAMS – A SHORT BIOGRAPHY HISTORY 1301 – U.S. HISTORY TO 1877 WHEN SEARCHING FOR THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON DURING THE EARLY U.S. HISTORY, GEORGE WASHINGTON COMES TO THE FOREFRONT. INCIDENTLY, DUE TO THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH, THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION ON PEOPLE OR EVENTS ON HISTORY BEFORE 1877. TO MY SURPRISE, INFORMATION WAS LOCATED ON JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS. JOHN AND ABIGAIL ADAMS SUPPOSIVELY HAD A WONDERFUL LIFE AND MARRIAGE TOGETHER. JOHN ADAMS SOMETIMES SEEMED TO BE A CONTRADICTING, RUDE AND OUTSPOKEN MAN, BUT AT OTHER TIMES PLAYFUL AND TENDER. ABIGAIL’S INTELLIGENT, CARING AND WITTY CHARACTER MADE UP FOR JOHN’S MANNERS, THEIR MARRIAGE SIGNIFIES THE POSITION IN WHICH A WOMAN WAS INVOLVED IN THE EVOLVING OF A GREAT MAN, FOR HER IMPORTANT FAMILY CONNECTIONS PROBABLY BENEFITED HIS CAREER. JOHN ADAMS WAS BORN IN 1735, BRAINTREE, MASSACHUSETTS TO JOHN ADAMS AND SUSANNA BOYLSTON. JOHN ADAMS WAS THE ELDEST OF THREE SONS. MR AD AMS WAS A DEACON AND FARMER (WHICH MEANT THE FAMILY WAS NOT WEALTHY). MRS ADAMS WAS BORN FROM ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS (THE BOYLSTON’S OWNED A LOT OF PROPERTY). JOHN ADAMS GRADUATED FROM HARVARD IN 1755. UPON GRADUATING, HE WAS OFFERED A JOB TO TEACH IN WORCHESTER. LIKE MOST BACHELORS, JOHN HAD NO INTEREST IN CHILDREN OR THE SLIGHTEST UNDERSTANDING OF THEM. BUT LIKE ANYONE HE ADAPTED TO THE SITUATION, PROBABLY BECAUSE HE HAD TWO YOUNGER BROTHERS. JOHN MARRIED ABIGAIL SMITH IN 1764. ABIGAIL WAS THE SECOND OF FOUR CHILDREN, BORN IN 1744. ABIGAIL WAS A MINISTER’S DAUGHTER ( REV WILLIAM SMITH ) FROM THE NEARBY TOWN OF WEYMOUTH. SHE KNEW OF JOHN THROUGH A COUSIN, HANNAH QUINCY. JOHN WOULD COME TO HER HOUSE WITH HER SISTER’S (MARY) FINANCEE (MR CRANCH). JOHN AND ABIGAIL BEGAN DATING ON THE DAY THE FAMILY PLANNED HER SISTER’S WEDDING. JOHN THOUGHT ABIGAIL WAS THE MOST EDUCATED WOMAN HE HAD MET. ABIGAIL’S MOTHER, ELIZABETH QUINCY, DIDNâ⠂¬â„¢T THINK TOO HIGHLY OF JOHN BECAUSE SHE THOUGHT LAWYERS WERE WICKED. THEY COURTED FOR SOME TIME. MRS SMITH WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DELAY, SUPPOSIVELY SHE COULD NOT BARE TO LOSE TWO DAUGHTERS IN ONE YEAR. UPON MARRIAGE TO JOHN, ABIGAIL MOVED TO BRAINTREE. SHE HAD TO TRANSITION FROM THE POSITION OF A FIRST FAMILY OF WEYMOUTH TO THE MODEST SOCIAL STANDING OF THE ADAMS. SOMEHOW ABIGAIL FOLLOWED THE SAME STEPS AS JOHN’S MOTHER (THE BOYLSTON, WAS ONE OF THE FIRST FAMILIES OF MASSACHUSETTS) WHO THOUGHT TO HAVE MARRIED BENEATH HER WHEN SHE CHOSE JOHN ADAMS.

Rate of Chemical Reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid :: Papers

Rate of Chemical Reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid Aim: - ====== I plan to investigate the effect of temperature, to see if it increases or decreases the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Prediction: - ============= I predict that as the temperature of the hydrochloric acid increases, the quicker the rate of reaction will be. This is due to the molecules in the hydrochloric acid gaining energy from the heat. Consequently, the molecules have increased kinetic energy, which will produce more activation energy. The particles will have more successful collisions resulting in a faster reaction rate. No heat Heat present Lines of reaction [IMAGE] Mg turnings Beaker [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] Hcl [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] The above diagram show that when there is more heat present there are more lines of reaction than if there was less heat. This is due to the number of successful collisions being far greater when the hydrochloric acid is heated. I predict also that if I did a graph showing the volume of gas against time it would look like the following. [IMAGE] From the above graph you can see that when the Time Increases the volume of gas being produced goes up, then it levels off. It levels off because the volume of hydrogen gas being produced is slowing down because all the magnesium and hydrochloric acid is being used up. Fair test ========= In order to keep my experiment as fair as possible I will have to make sure I keep the following factors the same: - Volume of acid (25cm3) Mass of Magnesium (0.1g) I will make sure the gas syringe is connected correctly and securely to the side arm conical, so no hydrogen gas can escape. I will start the syringe at 0 for each run. Also I would make sure to put the bung on quickly, to prevent the hydrogen gas escaping.

Balance Diet Essay

Research background Eating a balanced diet means choosing a wide variety of foods and drinks from all the food groups. It also means eating certain things in moderation, namely saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, refined sugar, salt and alcohol. The goal is to take in nutrients you need for health at the recommended levels. Balance diet among UMS student is importance can be seen every aspect in daily life that can effect academic performance especially for UMS student. Due to this, balance diet can be refers to people ability to maintain the body healthier. In other to maintain this balance diet, it would affect student academic performance beside the quality of their living. There are many ways to balance our diet well that which can disrupt the control of balance. Some researchers were reported that sex differences among men and women affect the ability to maintain balance diet. The researches do exists have used balance test as a secondary measurement within an overall used balanced test as a secondary measurement within an overall study and show that a decrease in dietary intake. The importance of balance diet among student is to maintain health. It provides all the essential nutrients that the body needs to be healthy and can give students more focus during class. Next, the healthy balance diet has a positive effect on a student well-being and on a student performance. There are several problems regarding to research we want to conduct is the food lack of nutrition (Katz DL, Gonzales, 2004). As we can see, the food that serves at UMS cafeteria was lack of nutrition due to they just prepared the food in large scale and mix the food taste too salty or bitter. Then, the students more prefer junk food than balanced diet food (Marion Nestle, 2000). For example, UMS student always tend to eat junk food such as snacks, magi and fast food. Thus, it can affect student performance like did not have enough stamina and at the same time always feel hungry. Other than that, the balance diet among student did not manage meal taken per day properly (Maya W. Paul, Melinda Smith, M.A. and Jeanne Segal Ph. D, 2012). In Ums, some students are studying too much without care about the meal taken. The healthy meal taken every day is 3 times every day. However, the students just eat once or twice times every day. Hence, it can affect the  student performance without the y realized. Research problem Nowadays, the unhealthy balance diet among student especially in UMS, was affect their academic performance. Besides that, the student did not aware about the importance of taking the balance diet in daily life that can give some effect for their academic performance. Then, the quality of food does not guarantee the student’s academic performance. Research objective 1. To examine the relationship between the unhealthy balance diet among students UMS towards academic performance. 2. To examine the relationship between the importance of taking balance diet among student towards academic performance. 3. To examine the relationship between the qualities of food take the students take towards academic performance.

Marketing Plan Of Toyota Essay

Executive SummaryA partnership of automobiles named Toyota Motor Corporation owned by Australia has a genuinely vast plod of railroad cars. on that point is a part of manufacturing in the industry named as prius car is iodin of the exceed crossbredization coactions drivers which be exceed drivers in the environs of immediately. It withal creates a competitive atmosphere mingled with oppositewise transmission stresses due to the provision of silk hat discharge dodge. In the beginning of the decl atomic number 18 both(prenominal) the introduction and the background of advanced-pitched society is explained. thither is a current analysis closely the various point of intersections, environment and contest of Toyotas operation. An analysis named as SWOT is conducted to de destinationine approximately the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of whatever pedigree and its environment. The objectives and the st tellgies tush be recognized on th e bases of these historic factors and complicated issues. For the improvement of the growth prime(prenominal), nigh plans ar thought for the finishing of counsel. For the fiction of the position and the executing of every product, the presented report has contrary cases of graph of guild.IntroductionIn the world rank of car manufacturing, Toyota c in solelyer-up has a distinct position in manufacturing and distri furtherion. Good performance and presentation of connection is due to the surface planned system of teleph iodinr. The family suck in m some(prenominal) embayment of grocery store with the booster of many guiding light features. One offernot explain the unit formula about the operation of the fraternity. It is as hearty as considered as monopoly. This c anyer is one biggest familiarity of automobile freighting in the world. Especi whollyy in DC, s, the strategies of particular(a)ity presents this confederacy as monopolist near. on with it, this system in addition has some features of oligopoly.The bearing of squint competitors handle GM is handlewise one of the reasons of this fact. Toyota is eager to see the performance of its rivals and want to confirm its d crudeing cardship finished their actions. Toyota Motor Corporation is as healthful as manufacturing minivans, stretch for thuslyger vans, diversion and sports automobiles passim the world. at that place atomic number 18 45 manufacturing companies and 12 foundry of Toyota formally attached in lacquer. From the course of study of 2010, this flock is doing work on its program of designedly global vision. Policies exchangeable goods recycling and posture of pro-environment atomic number 18 besides illustrated by this program. It too has a sassy idea to dampen latest and impertinent circumstancess to the food markets of Asia by big(a) them respect.It in addition has a closing of getting 35% of automobiles by Spout of the impertinently co nfirmed markets. In the markets of Asia, its the ides of the Toyota guild to confide whiteness to the different plenty from different communities. And jabber the spic-and-spanly real markets to bedevil al closely 35% of automobiles. in that respect is need of topical anesthetic performance of the automobiles for topical anaesthetic springerization. Toyota has an honor of turn the first manufacturing organization in the course of 1990. The principal(prenominal) focus of Toyota guild for establishing local markets is on Europe, Asia and North America. On the bases of damage efficiencies, Toyota has responded very fast by pass through the regional and trade hurdles. Toyota rigid more stress on its genius and watch. In America, the cost of Toyota products is not affordable. still customer depends and trusts on the product of Toyota so it is completing its journey success risey. Toyota alliance gain first rank in the twelvemonth of 2007 as well as in the year of 20 08 in the sailing of cars. in that location be dickens distinct duties on Toyota. collectible to its crown of thorns products and items, Toyota is going out front in competition. Although eco-friendly consumers ar asking for newly established commemorates it is the aim of Toyota to produce new simulations with advance technology. An another(prenominal) opportunity of Toyota is to propose un apply market for youth. A motivate revolution is introduced by Scion. in that location argon some indicators analogous product designing, product market and credit cooperate entrust considered as a massive retrieve in future. The tumescent population of mainland Chinaw ar has identified and the purchasing office and crinkle of Toyota increase. In this way its tardily for mainland China to establish its main business in china. Due to the economical increment in South America, it increases the purchase of full size Toyotas trucks.Full size SUV of Toyota is demanded increa singly in Middle East. This is the emergence of appreciation of Toyota. According its economical trade system, Toyota is acting. Among the total 500 companies, Toyota is the 5th shell accompany. In external strategies, Toyota is generate palmy. at that place is many strategies made by Toyota. in that respect is a clear concept of production, marketing and append. The grand and compulsory key points of Toyota be its production as well as improvement system. The concepts which own the company squ be argon Kaizen and new themes of many areas. To establish the chain or link of supply, attention of inventory, capabilities of production and planning method there is a system of TPS (Toyota production system).For the mastery of Toyota upon all aroundthe Toyota industry TPS make it powerful. Basically, Toyota was first off established in Japan and soon spread its root all around the world. There is no interrogation about the domination of Toyota all around the world. Ther e are some targets of Toyota like establishment of yearn term growth, for fashioning the friendly dealing with race, society and whole environment. Toyota is also providing the chances of employment in America. To fulfil the higher place in worldwide market, mostly common issues like sociable, economic and cultural give permission to place equity.Strategic Plan and focusFor the boilersuit disc all overs for the planning for Toyota, there are triad main points for our focus. They are as follows, heraldic bearing Statement of the CompanyProsperous and developed society with the help of automobiles is the aim of Toyota Corporation. For this purpose, the company is struggling for a developed and growths for long period for harmonize with all the important aspects, the prominent atmosphere, international bargain, homegrown communities and international stake h overageders.The Goals of the CompanyThe every model which is sold in the market, the company gives provide about the a lternation of hybrid. In this way company achieve its goal of sailing 1 million of hybrid automobiles within a year. And company was succeeding by achieving this goal in the year of 2012. In the year of 2011, in six different fields, Toyota Company is improving its plans. The fields are like changes in energy and climate, fashion quality, sum concerned, resources utilization and recycling and cordial cooperation. In the decreasing carbon dioxide company is performing vital role. By seeing the value of force out economy, the company believed in doing admit actions.Core Competencies and Competitive AdvantagesFor getting a better economic sustainable position, company is working withthe help of international market. Company is started to invest in different strains of strategies so that the company fecal matter get its targets with the help of latest technology. Company is full with the experts so they do research on all the aspects which are the fact that living this company o n the top. There is a whopping network of its distributions which help it to reach on the top.Situation analysisWe bathroom give the credit to immanent environment which cod the ability of high efficiency and ranking of quality. The companies which are famous in competition, it give them greater importance and top partitioning prudence. For the understanding the whole position of company, we can purpose an analysis named SWOT which reserve the capacity of examine the improvements as well as disadvantages of company. And at last utter the full situation of company.SWOT Analysis of ToyotaWe can refer advantages and disadvantages of any company as its cozy factors because these deplete a large effect on company. On the other hand chances and threats are considered as outside aspects of company.Basic Strengths of ToyotaInnovative shadeOne of the scoop companies of innovation in the world is Toyota. It has a powerful custom about the innovations which are constant. Kanban, Kaizen, and TQM systems were firstly introduced in world market by Toyota this company also plow hybrid automobiles as well as famous for mass-production. defacement reputation which has the valued about $30 billionThe most valued and pricy brand of automobile is Toyota. This brand is successful due to its friendly environmentally, durable and prophylactic cars. These automobiles are wholesaled countries that number near about 170 of the world. Industry is considered as a leader in production and gross gross revenueLean manufacturing and total quality instruction are such reforms which arefirstly used by Toyota for the procedure of manufacture. For a shorter duration, company does practice and had a very low manufacturing as well as production cost throughout the world. legion(predicate) companies try to replicate the system of manufacturing which is used by Toyota but Toyota is still most lootable company throughout the world. Portfolio of a Strong brandRecently, 70 differe nt models of car are sold by Toyota. This set about the reason of awareness among heap about this brand and also become a source of satisfaction for its nodes. Prius and Corolla are the most important models of Toyota.Toyota is the leading fleeceable cars developmentIt is the thinking of Toyota Company that to twenty-four hour period environmental friendly cars become need. In the terms of CO2 emissions and fuel-efficiency for a car consumer become well-aware. And a very a few(prenominal) companies can vie with Toyota in cuckold of hybrid automobiles. In 170 countries of world, in global organization, it has a powerful international rank. In 1997 Toyotas sells was 131,511 million hanker and growth rate was 29.3%.It has an effective image on the bases of quality, environmental friendly and customized oscilloscope. It is leader of industry in terms of manufacturing and production. With the help of lean approaches of manufacturing like just-in-time manufacturing, quality man agement etc. In all self-colored markets like US, China and EMEA Toyota is become second largest producing company of automobiles. It has a diversified chuck of production.There are highly targeted markets.Company is producing vehicles for public as well as private customers. For fulfilling the needs of clients, company s using different marketing techniques. It is the brand which is also said as business firm brand.Weaknesses of ToyotaLarge-scale recallsFor the last few decades, Toyota is a large-scale automobiles industry. In the years of 2009-2010 company sell 9 million cars and in the year of 2010 its sell reached at 7.43 million. such(prenominal) recall may cause for change thecompany financially and also match its brands.Toyota has a low presence in the weak marketToyotas major(ip) markets are in US, Europe and Japan, and it also establishing its a branch in china and India. But there are small percentage total sales of Toyota in India and China. In China, Toyota finds i t difficult to compete with General Motors because of the poor automobiles in China. GM has large cares.Opportunities of ToyotaPositive attitude towards light- commons vehicles.Users of Toyota are well aware of the air contamination created by the cars. The carbon dioxide is emitted in large quantities which create intensity in the greenhouse which are causing all these kind of pollution. So consumer become apprised and wants to taint cars like hybrid and galvanic cars because these cars reduce CO2.Increasing fuel expenses.Due to the high price of fuel, Toyota is shifting to efficient cars instead of hybrid cars. The needs of the pot are ever-changingToyota satisfies different changing needs and tastes of people by religious offering new models and have an access over a wide group of customers accomplishment and growth In the past, Toyota has succeeded in acquiring other companies and has grown new assets skills and also had access to the new market.InnovationIt is the comp any which firstly produces marketable mass and hybrid gas electric vehicles such as Prius model. It is built on the R&D and innovative technologies. Due to rise in fuel prices, clients are looking for any other source for few prices and s get outing cars. New models of Toyota i.e. Aygo model by Toyota is for the aggressions of segmentation. Toyota doesnt want to take a share in youth market. Production of fuel efficient cars is beneficial they have fewer effects on environment. For producing new cars for social and institutional demands, the cars like electric cars and hybrid fuels have the impacts on setting. Toyotas (Eco-VAS) becomes steadying in the procedure of construction, usage and discarding as well. In the fresh markets similar to India, Russia and china there is global increase incessantly due to high population and demand.Threats of Toyotadropping fuel pricesBecause of the mining of more shale gas, it is intelligibly seen that in future fuel prices will drop. This is the reason that there is less(prenominal) friendship of consumers towards fuel-efficient hybrid and electric cars. These are main group for Prius model of Toyota.New standards for emissionPresented by govt. these innovative and latest emissions become clearer engine for investment we can swear that if there is more investment then Toyotas profit becomes less. Rising warm stuff and nonsense prices. For any automobile company the rise in the raw physical price is very essential for manufacturing of automobiles. high price leads to higher cost and less profit is the main ingredient for raw material of Toyota.1. Intense competition.In any part of business, competition always takes place. equal case is with Toyota. Volkswagen group and GM are always big rivals for Toyota.2. Natural disasters.In Japan, Thailand, China and In wear thinesia there is the facility of manufacturing by Toyota. any the countries are the subjects for all types of innate calamities which can disturb the Toyotas summate of sell.3. Appreciating yen exchange rate.Foreign countries are the big source of Toyotas revenues. All the profit is converted in yen. And the profit of Toyota becomes less due to exchange rate of appreciating yen.Car Industry AnalysisFor creating a competitive environment in industry, company can put its advantages and chances. Usually, for the wide presence in international market, product line is really useful. By entering in the newly established markets like china and Europe, one can get it also. If we key out the previous history, Toyota took more attention on the markets such as Japan and America, but there is a need of making more plans. Sustainable development is achieved by Toyota cooperation. For the harmful effects ofglobal heating system and fossil fuels, Toyota has a market named as Toyotas hybrid. This technology can also be helpful for company to sell it to other firms.Toyota Company analysisIn the exportation of cars, in the creation of automobi les, lift out quality and achieving its target, Toyota Company is one of the best companies of world the company give the best return of peoples gold in the form of best quality car and make the client luscious .they always try to give the best value of the money of their clients instead of their rival companies. So, this is one of the big reason for Toyota as a good company in DC, s. This company always tries to achieve sustainable growth and decreasing the pollution from this earth.client AnalysisCustomers of Toyota are rich, poor and diverse. They lived all around the world. Toyota always tries to keep in mind the demands and range of all type of clients belongs to upper as well as lower class. They have all types of automobiles like small sport car, big family automobiles, trucks and vans also. Toyota has the customers from different age groups, areas, incomes, social as well as cultural class. For the satisfaction of their wants, people go to Toyota. There are also vehicles for low income people according to their range as well as size. self-supporting and aloof people have also verity of cars accord to their need. Many organizations also want a vehicle for giving the facility of convene to their employees. So, this is the case in which the purchaser of the product is not the user of that product. There is enlargement in the painting of a product when any soulfulness buys any product of company. Companies awake awareness among the people about the product through ads, newsletters, websites, and other sources of nurture. Books and seminars also provide the chance to Toyota for earn income.Where battalion buyThere is a vast network of retailers throughout the world and Toyota sale its products with the help of it. There are some specific models of automobileswhich a customer can buy in a flash from the Toyota factories. Toyota also gives the facility to its customers by giving them opportunity of online shopping. Most of the advertising activitie s are also done online. Online shopping and ads keep the papers away from wasting and client can easily buy any automobile easily. There is also a toll-free number of Toyota for direct contact. So customers from all across the world can easily access to the all kind of production of company.When People PurchaseAnyone can buy the companys product in the whole year. Except some models, all the other cars are on hand(predicate) on Toyota company whole year. control licence is compulsory for buying a car in many countries. about people want to buy a new car as old one is not able to use or want to try a new model. wherefore do People Purchase?Due to unique and special nature of Toyota, customer prefers it on other companies. Cars meet all the needs of the clients offered by Toyota. Company want to maintain its standard. The company offer fewer bars than others. Toyota also takes great care about the safety of driver. When green light turned on, there is a distinct call to driver to warn him .new hybrid product also have the facility of buying and changing the car.Why Potential Customers Dont PurchaseAccording to the census of Toyota there is large metre of potential people who dont want to buy a car. Company is filled like the people like this. Nowadays there is a large amount of automobile industries. many people reject the car for no significant reason. This is due to the reason of class, social status, like and dislike .there is no high requirements of Toyota. So the clients are free to buy car from rivals. line of merchandise environmentBusiness environment is made by two words i.e. business and environment. In economic view, all the actions or activities done by the person for earning profit, buying of goods are know as business. Surrounding of us is cognize as environment. So, we come to know that the conditions of nature, which one cannot control like famines, floods, and economic, social and lifelike affects, are known as business environment. The re are two separate of business environment which are internal and external environment.Internal environmentThis type of environment based upon the companys fundamental elements. Important and vital requirements of internal structure are skilled staff, policies and relations with humans. We can have the example of Toyota. There is strong relationship, skilled staff go through specialists show the internal environment.External environmentAll the actions about trade are taken under the external environment. Technological, semipolitical and legal factors affect it. there are also two sub share of the external environment. They are large and micro.micro environment the successfulness of any market depends upon tit communication and transportation with its clients. cover level of managing, departments of finance, research, and channel partners are the forces which have the ability to affect the company.Macro environment -in 2000 company of Toyota felt the changes occurred by the ma cro environment. The company Toyota takes full benefits of producing the first hybrid vehicle named Toyota Prius.Five Forces AnalysisIn the operating industry, there are v Porters forces which are nonionised for forcing the company. The business will not be attractive if profitbecomes low. New cranks threats, rivals threats and switch products threats are the three such forces which affect our analysis. Toyota also started its business in US market.When Toyota Company started business in US it has 95% shares and produces only three types of cars. Japanese market was 100 times smaller than the market of US. There is strong and high position of US in market. Toyota, Honda and Nissan are three different types of automobiles of Japanese company. These companies took 4 decades for establishing themselves in the international market.Bargaining power of suppliersWeak buyers can make problems regarding the product. In US and Japan the company is doing strong work for establishment. An d want to start business of automobile here. The supply of class material is supplied from a big network. In the term of company it explores the weakness of customers. Due to push and raw material, the company is earning profit.EntryThere are many hurdles like economic, financial, social and governmental. After World war 2, the laws about the ministry and trade were not in favor of Toyota. At that time there were no hurdles for US in exporting. The low business was an open advantage for Japanese companies. For efficient sale, new gateway of shares is required.Buyers Bargaining PowerThe manufacturing companies in US have the ability of vertical integration as they were enjoying the power of it. The supply companies are companies of manufacturing. We take the example of molar. That is supplying move of motors. But in Japan companies which supply parts of motors has a share in the administration. It is totally different from US. The dealers were fragment in both countries. Toyota p urchase large amount from parts companies. By the right of information from internet, user bargain.Substitute products threatsIn U.S. and Japan, there is transportation system. The value of special amount is high due to its close substitute. contestationCompetition between rivals in the production of car is very complex. Although the output of the market was very low but it was enlarging day by day. From the year of 1970, there is inflexible competition between rival companies there is rivalry on price as well as on other things. In price competition the price of product included and in non-price competition there is marginal as well as fixed cost are added. Competition call also is increased through differentiation opportunity. One basic thing of increasing rivalry between all the companies is the manufacturing of cars, truck, and SUVs.