Addictions and Phobias Through Classical and Opperant Conditioning Essay

Phobias and Addictions through Classical and Operant Conditioning This paper will explore how phobias and addictions are formed through both classical and operant conditioning and show just as addictions and phobias can be formed, they can also become extinct. Classical conditioning is the use of a conditional stimulus such as a person, place or object that forms an unconditional response. An unconditional response is one that does not require thought, but instead, is a natural reaction of the body (Kowalski & Weston, 2010). Irrational fear of an object or a situation is called a phobia. Phobia’s can make a person become paralyzed with fear for no apparent reason. Phobia’s can be created by putting together an object or a situation with an irrational thought or feeling. Singularly, the object or situation does not provoke a fearful reaction, put once a fearful, irrational thought is associated with the stimulus, the object or the situation creates a fearful response. Phobia’s can be created by classical conditioning. This happe ns when a stimulus is repeatedly paired with a negative reaction. Over time, the brain begins to associate the stimulus with the negative reaction and creates a fight or flight response. Take for example agoraphobia, the fear of being in certain places such as crowds, public transportation or being outside their home without another person. At some point, while doing one of these activities, the individual probably had a panic attack. In his or hers mind, the association between the place and the panic attack has started to take hold. The next time the individual returns to the place or activity, he or she may become worried that he or she will again have a panic attack. The stress from the worry may then elicit another panic attack, which then conditions the brain to have the same fearful reaction to the stimulus. The individual then becomes extremely stressed when faced with the stimulus, or he or she avoids the place or activity completely. This is how agoraphobia is created through classical conditioning. Operant conditioning is a reinforcement of behavior that is controlled by the environment rather than then being a natural  reaction of the body (Kowalski & W eston, 2010). When an individual avoids a situation or an activity because of even the slightest fear, this reinforces the effects and the intensity of the fear. It can become a phobia through operant conditioning. A phobia created by operant conditioning takes place when the negative reaction to the stimulus is reinforced by the avoidance of that stimulus. Over time, the negativity escalates and the individual will have a much harder time dealing with and overcoming his or her fear. While classical and operant conditioning can create phobias, they can also cause addictions. According to the book â€Å"Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook† (McCrady & Epstein, 1999) classically conditioned addictions are created when the mind begins to associate a person place or object to the stimulus of the addiction such as shopping, drugs or food. These associations then begin to have a trigger effect and that causes the cravings or urges for the stimulus. With operant conditioning, a person is conditioned to use his or her stimulus of choice because of the feelings or emotions that are aroused due to the use of the individual’s stimulus. These feelings are a positive reinforcement of his or hers behavior directly related to the use of that person’s â€Å"drug† of choice. In the case of an individual who is addicted to food, if he or she is feeling upset or anxious, they may choose to binge on food and in the moment, start to feel less anxious or less irritable. These feelings are a positive reinforcement of their choice to binge. Thus they are conditioning themselves to feel better through the use of food bingeing. This is operant conditioning. Just as classical and operant behaviors are able to take hold, they can also become extinct. In the case of phobia’s or addiction’s, the classical conditioning extinction process starts to take place when the body’s natural reaction, i.e. panic attacks or cravings, start to take place without the person, place or object being posed. Eventually the mind starts to disassociate the original stimulus and the response, leading to the extinction of the classically conditioned behavior. Much in the same way as classical conditioning becomes extinct; operant conditioning begins the extinction process when the reinforcement of the behavior no longer takes place. For the binge eater, if they no longer are comforted by the food, the food starts to become less effectual as a means to control feelings  bringing about the extinction of the addiction (Kowalski & Weston, 2010). Simply put, phobia’s and addictions can be learned and reinforced by way of conditioning and also can be extinguished by lack of the same conditioning. Bibliography Kowalski, R., & Weston, D. (2010). Learning. In R. Kowalski, & D. Weston, Psychology 6th Edition (pp. 162-194). Hoboken: R.R. Donnelley & Sons, Inc. McCrady, B. S., & Epstein, E. E. (1999). Etiology of Alchohol and Other Drugs. In B. S. McCrady, & E. E. Epstein, Addictions: A Comprehensive Guidebook (p. 61). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay

1. Identify and fully describe the main developments of Operating Systems, giving examples of their origins and use. Batch Operating Systems were an early operating system available, and were first introduced in the mid 50’s. They were designed to make human manual work easier; humans were replicating identical jobs over and over again, hence in batch. A batch operating system keeps itself eventful; it does this by taking jobs from a batch queue, instead of waiting for people to submit jobs. The jobs are then processed one or more at a time under control of the operating system, however most jobs undertaken in this operating system would be single-task. These type of operating system were often left to work overnight, mainly because the jobs were ‘batched’ the next job in the queue would be commenced as soon as the previous job had been completed, this way of processing would allow for a large work load to be automatically completed without the requirement to wait and tell the computer to do the next job. Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) are often embedded, meaning a integral part of a system inside another device. They have very little user interface capability. Real time operating systems like their name implies, respond to an input immediately. â€Å"Real time operating systems are capable of processing data so quickly that the results are available to influence the activity currently taking place. † [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996] Real time operating systems guarantee a certain capability within a specified time constraint; these time constraints are usually very rigid. If the system does not conform to this time limit, the system ultimately fails. They are used for various purposes; a few of these are medical equipment, industrial control systems and car computers. Parallel Systems have more than one processor to carry out a single job. The systems often carry out one single job using the resources of both processors of the machine; however some systems will have a processor dedicated to a single task. These operations work in parallel (side by side) of one another. Distributed Systems act as an illusion to a user. A multiple number of nodes are set up on a network, to allow data access or device sharing. This allows for other users of different machines to access data on another machine on the network. For example at college a student logs on to the machine, the machine seems local to the user, the user observes the system as using its own local drives and devices. However these Drives and devices are setup on a client-server machine but appear to be local to the user. Time Sharing Operating Systems allow multi-tasking, the operating system shares a slice of the processor resources to designated programs and users logged on to the system. For example, it is not unusual for a home user to have a word processing package, internet browser and a multimedia package to be open at the same time. Microsoft Windows is a great example for allowing this. Personal Computer Operating Systems were brought about in the early 70’s. However it wasn’t until the 1980’s that they became popular, and the focus of the operating system changed from the hardware aspect, to that of the user interface (how the user observes the operating system). Personal Computer Systems are simply operating systems that share the processors resources for single user’s tasks. The main concept behind personal computer operating systems is the user interface. The workings are important; however the main principal is that the user is entirely interactive with the system. These are perhaps the most difficult for designers to produce, as a very high level knowledge of user interface design is required. This is to allow users of any level to use the system comfortably. It allows for considerable power for a single user to run high-tech graphics and multimedia packages. These operating systems evolved in to very capable systems, allowing for heavy multi-tasking usage. Examples of Personal Computer operating systems are as follows: Microsoft Windows Linux Apple Macintosh MAC OS 2. Identify and fully describe the main purposes of an operating system. All components of the operating system are required to be covered, to clearly show an understanding of what each component does and how they ‘fit’ into the overall system design. Process Management Process management is a way of tracking processes and managing them in such a way that there is enough processor resources to correctly function. Process is another word for a task that is to be performed by the computer. Along with a process is a set of information about the particular process. The information required to track these processes are stored in a data package called a ‘Process Control Block (PCB). The process control block contains the following information about a process:   An identification number that uniquely identifies the process Owner ID – An identification of the user/device who the process belongs to   Priority – A number to represent its priority to the system   Status – What its current state is. This is 1 of 3 states (Ready, Waiting, Running). Units of Processor Time Used   Resources waiting for – for example paper for the printer.   Link to Another PCB –   Registers – the registers the process has contents in. Process ID 239845 Owner ID Chris. Oliver Priority 25 Status Waiting Units of Processor Time Used 264 Resource waiting for Disks [printer] Link to another PCB Next PCB in wait Queue Registers Contents of registers when process last stopped running An example of a PCB is shown below: this is for a print job A Processes state is diagrammatically shown below, this shows state transition and how it works. A process can be in one of five states; these five states are as follows: State Definition HOLD A process’s state at the beginning, this is when the devices and memory allocation size is decided. READY this state is when the process has been allocated all the resources required and is ready for being operated on by the computer RUNNING This state is when the process is in the CPU WAITING This is when the process stops because of an input or output waiting to be completed. The process is removed from the processor and is allocated this state. It is given this state until the input or output is given the all clear. FINISHED This is when the process has been finished, and all the devices used by the process have been released ready for the next process. Deadlocks Deadlocks occur when a multiple number of processes fight for very little resources available from the processor. For example one process has been granted the allocation of the modem, however is waiting for a text file, but process two has the text file and is waiting for the modem. In this instance each process will not gather the resources required because they have been allocated to another process, this is where a deadlock occurs. Process Management in an operating system has the job to destroy one of the processes to allow for one of the processes to be put in the ‘ready’ queue. Scheduling Scheduling is a method in the operating system that allows processes to enter the ready queue allowing them to then take execution. The strategies used to take these processes and allow them to be ready for execution are as follows:   Process the maximum amount of jobs.   Sharing out processing time equally to users   Providing acceptable response times, this is in the form of not running intensive programs while users are logged on to the system. Keeping devices as busy as possible.   Attempting to gradually freeing up of processes, instead of crashing.   Avoid Deadlocking Scheduling is comprised of three sections: 1 – Long Term Scheduling – this is where processes are batched together, when the resources and space are free the process is then executed. This type of scheduling is used for jobs like heavy overnight print jobs. 2 – Mid-Term Scheduling – this is where a decision is made as to whether the processor is to busy for the amount of processes attempting to use it, the decision can be then fixed by terminating processes. When the system is free again the process can be re-executed. 3 – Short Term Scheduling is a where the next process is selected from the ready queue; it uses algorithms to do this. Shortest burst time – being the time spent running before the process will have to wait before an input or output operation. Shortest remaining time is the processes that have very little time left; this inevitably allows space for another process to execute. Priority scheduling – a control that allow special circumstance processes to execute through the system quickly. Round robin – limits the time a process is allowed to run before it is removed, it is then placed back in the ready queue. Memory Management Memory is an area in which data and instructions are stored. These operations must be managed by an operating system in order for the system to be stable and to run fluently. Memory management within an operating system must ensure that a process has enough memory to run, ensuring it does not go in to another processes slot as this causes corruption. This management is a way of protecting memory from becoming unstable. Memory management is also responsible for using the computers other memory sources effectively, to ensure programs run smoothly and effectively. This is handled by using virtual memory; using the hard disc drive as a temporary memory source for processes and data. This can benefit the user in various ways: – The user is not rigidly restricted to space available. Using a large virtual memory space provides convenience for instances where large programs etc. are required to be stored in memory. – Users are using less physical memory; therefore the system can handle more users on the system. High Speed Cache is a fast memory storage; cache predicts the data that the CPU may need next, it then retrieves it from RAM and places it in to the high speed cache, this speeds up system performance, as cache is a lot faster than RAM is in providing for the processor. The operating systems task is to control an even flow of the processes and decide where they should go practically, moving processes to the best location as the scheduler asks it to do so. This scheduler knows what process is next in line therefore can tell memory it is next and to move it to a suitable location for it to be quickly accessed. Paging Paging is a method used in operating systems to make a program’s memory non-contiguous, in simple terms; allowing a program to be allocated to any memory location available. This is used when a bulk of data is bigger than the memory allocation it has been given; it firstly fills the memory allocation provided, and then stores the rest of the data in any space available in memory. This method of splitting the data is known as ‘Fragmentation’. This decreases system performance. Defragmentation To enhance the performance of the memory of a secondary storage medium, the operating system runs an operation called ‘Defragmentation’. Defragmentation is a process that sorts data in to a contiguous sequence. If a non-contiguous set of data is found, it will be relocated and stored as a whole. The image above is an illustration to show pictorially how a storage device could look in a data structure. As you can see fragmented files are scattered. If this data was attempted to be retrieved it would be slower feedback to the user as the data has been fragmented and would have to be found first. If data is to be found quickly and retrieved without a problem, the diagram below shows how a data structure should pictorially look. The image shows a contiguous data structure, with no fragmented files. This is the idea state for a system to be operated under. File and Disk Management TALK ABOUT HOW MEMORY IS STORED – i. e. CONTIGIOUS – Blocks of data are assigned in a complete row, using this method the files are simple to access. The space must be large enough to store all the data Files may become larger, therefore the space may be too small in the future, then it will need relocating (moved) This then causes fragmentation of the storage device. , NON CONTIGIOUS Files are recognised by operating systems and worked upon by using file extensions. A file consist of two parts, one being the unique name to the user, second being the file extension related to the program that runs that type of file. The operating system recognises exactly which program to open when the file is run. The way that files and data are managed, is critical to the performance of the computer and the security of the data. File management within an operating system provides a logical way for the user to observe there data, instead of having the complication of the physical implementation. Operating systems main job in this area is to ensure that data is stored and relocated correctly, as well as having the responsibility to process files, find space to store them, and to retrieve this data at any time. For example a . PDF file when run will be recognised by the operating system to be open in Adobe Acrobat Reader, providing the program is installed on the computer. An operating system can perform several different tasks towards files, they are as follows: Operation/Task Function Create finding space for it on storage medium, a new record made in directory Write Finds the file from directory and adds data to it. Read Finds the file then puts it in to memory and a read pointer is used to track where the next read place is to take place. In most operating systems however, a write pointer is held at this point, in-case the user intends to write to the file while reading Delete finds the file, then frees all space given to it, this is then erased from the computer Files are a collection of saved information that is stored on a type of storage medium for later retrieval. File attributes are the information related to the file, just like we have information related to ourselves, i. e. telephone number and home address. A files attributes are vital in order for the operating system to create a file structure system, it does this by using the attributes to sort the files in to some kind of order. For computer data files there are a set of minimum attributes related to them, they are as follows: Attribute Name Role Name an identifier to the user, in the form of a string of characters Type the type of file it is, this is important as different operating systems handle different types of files differently. Location Information held about where the file is stored, usually in the form of a path to it. e. g. C:Documents and SettingsChrisAssignment. doc. Size The size of the file (in bytes) e. g. 270kb. Protection Permissions to who can access the file. I. e. Read Only Date when the file was created, modified or accessed. Author the person the file was created and saved by. Directories Directories are a hierarchical way of separating these files; directories simply make it simpler for users to relocate the file at another time. The root is the top directory of a file system; the root is determined by the operating system. The root directory is usually the bootable device on a home computer system. Commonly C: Paths are a list of directories that the operating system goes through to find a run able file. For example: C:windowscdplayer. exe The operating system will go in to the ‘root’ and then in to the directory ‘Windows’ the file named ‘cdplayer. exe’ will then be located and executed. Tree Structure – are of a hierarchical nature, therefore the top level is the root of the directory and every other sub directory from which all other directories stem off. A Backslash is used to separate and indicate directories within directories (sub directories) Directories allow a method for the operating system to easy locate files. Volumes are a fixed amount of storage space allocated on a device. If a hard disc drive has two partitions set up, then it is said to have ‘two’ volumes because it has two separate fixed storage spaces. Formatting a device in turn means to prepare it for read and write access. It does this by wiping all drive information that has been pre-set, it then tests each sector of the disc to ensure they are reliable enough for read and writing in and out of. File Allocation Techniques FAT (File Allocation Table) 32. Located on the storage device, basically holds the relevant information in a table, to find the data on the disk. its security does not measure up to that of NTFS and its filename size constraint is poor to that of NTFS. Searches from top to bottom when looking for a file. Contains the first block of each file on the disk, Requires a tremendous amount of space NTFS (New Technology File System) Used in Windows NT based operating systems Uses a similar table to that of FAT32 to keep track of file locations Looks at directory structure from the side to help speed up the location of files Uses Link Listed Allocation. Linked allocation creates inked lists using disk sectors as nodes. For example, if the sector size is 512 bytes, and it takes a 32 bit number to represent the next block address, then only 508 bytes can be used to store data (the other 4 bytes are used to locate the next file sector). This approach eliminates external fragmentation (since even the smallest block can now be used). Some problems with this approach are that seeking within a file is now difficult. For example, if we’re interested in the last 100 bytes of a 100mb file, we need to traverse all the sectors of the file (follow links) to get to the last 100 bytes. Another major issue is that we need to do a disk seek with every disk sector (unless disk sectors are contiguous). And yet another issue with this is that storing pointers on every disk sector uses up a lot of disk space. UNIX Used I-Nodes – an indexed file allocation method. Its fast for small blocks of data and can accommodate extremely large volumes of data RAM Disk RAM disks are a temporary storage solution, data cannot be permanently saved, and data is lost on any type of system shut off. I. e. system reboots. A Random Access Memory disk is a segment of the main memory that is left for extra storage if required. This is otherwise known as a ‘Virtual Drive’. The main use for this area is that of performing operations to files, this is a better way of performing operations as the rate at which they can be performed on are that much higher than that of a physical drive. Size constraints are a major problem with RAM disks, as they are limited to that only of the RAM contained in the machine. For example in modern home computer systems 256mb of RAM is contained, therefore only 256megabyte of RAM disc can be used. 256mb in today’s computing is very little in comparison to what users require. OS Services – files, copy, delete, rename, view, find, backup Directories – create, rename, list, delete Programming, Open, close, read, write, seek File allocation methods, FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX, Disk caching RAM disk Defragmentation I/O System Management DMA DMA takes control of the system by imitating the processor; it does this to enable itself to transfer data to and from the memory using the system bus. Buffering is required primarily because of the slow nature of I/O Device function. It is a way of smoothing out an I/O operation, Virtual Segmentation – each process is divided in to slices (segments) non-resident Caching and Spooling of Input and output devices Drivers System Components ( CPU, RAM, System Bus, Local Buses, Device Controllers, Control Registers, Devices). IO response System (polling, interrupts, I/O, DMA Kernal Layers, Purpose, Device, Drivers, System calls Device Management Device management controls hardware resources; this includes the control over selection and operation of the devices used for input, output or storage. 2. Select an appropriate type of operating system for the following ICT needs, giving the choice of current operating systems [trade names]: a) Local council office department in charge of the collection, and distribution of council tax. b) A national car-rental agency, whose main computing centre is located in Sheffield, through which all of the daily transactions for the business are conducted. c) An electro-plating circuit board manufactures. d) A travelling company representative, who uses technology to keep in touch with his office. 3. Research and identify the different operating systems currently available for desktop computers. From your research and investigations of these operating systems you must critically evaluate them. This evaluation should clearly demonstrate your understanding of the differences found including and potential disadvantages. Bibliography http://www. cse. lehigh. edu/~glennb/um/book/c10os. htm http://dragon. acadiau. ca/~dbenoit/3713/slides/pdf/Week2. 1_History. pdf http://cne. gmu. edu/itcore/processes/Time. html http://www. netnam. vn/unescocourse/os/35. htm#3. 5. 3%20Virtual%20memory%20concept http://www. cs. aue. auc. dk/~akbar/ospdfiles/wschap7. PDF Books [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996].

Classical Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Classical Music - Essay Example He broke from the unison form of sounds in the orchestral sound that he used; they were monophonic with instruments used individually contributing color for the whole break off. The register and combination that is played by the instrument does not reflect what the instrument is used for traditionally. Debussy emphasized muted brass, soft percussion and solo woodwinds. The motifs and themes are all fragmented upon the modes, tone scales and the pentatonic. For example the use the String Quartet found in g minor shows the use of Phrygian mode with tone scales wholly. His works portray a single theme that undergoes change throughout his art work. Debussy’s music‘s tonality is pentatonic, whole tone scales, modal and bitonal chords that produce bitonality. There is a slightly dissonant harmony in the music. The whole technique does not follow the sonata tradition. Schoenberg, an Austrian, was the leader of Second Viennese School and he was associated with expressionist work s of art. He extended the romantic styles of Germany that included Wagner and Brahms. He pioneered atonality innovation by developing the twelve-tone technique, a compositional method that manipulation of a series of twelve notes that were already ordered through the chromatic scale. Schoenberg developed motifs without using the traditional centralized melodic idea. Formalization of the compositional method was enhanced by his habit of inviting the audience to think analytically. Stravinsky was born in Russia and later changed to France and lastly America; he was a composer, conductor and pianist. His music composition was based on stylistic diversity. He also dabbed into the twelve-tone method in his work of cantata. One of his notable works was the Rite of Spring, although it was marred with demonstrations, it led to transformation of the rhythmic structure that pushed musical design boundaries. His work held a vein full of intense emotions beneath the surface appearance of auster ity. Stravinsky considered serial procedures. The compositions had rhythmic energy, melodic ideas with extended construction out of a few cell notes and forms of clarity, of utterance and instrumentation. Stravinsky tried to pit ostinations without regarding the tempo or harmony and some were extended ostinato lacking variation or melody accompaniment. Question 2 Music is an art and it contains a medium which can either be sound or silence. It’s characterized by the pitch which in turn governs the harmony and melody, it’s also characterized by rhythm which is associated with meter, tempo and articulation, the dynamics characterize music too, and the sonic qualities of texture and timber enhance musicality too. The performance and significance of music vary in accordance to the culture and mostly the social context. Music is categorized into various genres and subgenres but their relationship is subtle, sometimes it’s open to an individual to interpret and catego rize. Romantic music anciently tried to include emotional expression and energy to expose deeper truths encompassed in human feelings. Romantic music broke the rigid forms and styles of the classical music into more expressive and passionate pieces. Romantic love became the main theme in these songs. Ludwig Van Beethoven and Franz Schubert tried to bring

Should Welfare Recipients Submit to Drug Testing Essay

Should Welfare Recipients Submit to Drug Testing - Essay Example According to (Ames, 2012), it is crucial for companies to do drug test on aspiring employees, before they officially embark on their duties. This proposal has found favor in so many states in America. Policies are underway to make sure that any individual who is a beneficiary of the states undergoes this crucial step. There are several critics who claim that, by doing drug testing, the state will be interfering with an individual’s privacy. Everyone in a working organization should be treated equally. If this policy is passed, everyone should face the same music. State beneficiaries should not be side lined because they are lowly financially. On the other hand, the people who support this policy claim that this step will check that the states money is put in its right use. For failing this test, the state beneficiaries will lose their benefits accordingly. According to (Carpenter, 2012), these welfare organizations include Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Supplemental nutrition Assistance Program, and Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program. Thesis statement This research will focus on establishing the benefits of doing drug tests to all state beneficiaries, and how it benefits the common US citizen, the state, and society at large. Hypothesis This research is bound to answer the following questions; 1. Is drug test on state beneficiaries necessary? 2. How does a drug test benefit the government at large? 3. How does a drug test benefit the society at large? 4. Is implementing this policy attainable? Assignment 2 (40 Points) The audience This paper has been mainly composed to convince all the state beneficiaries on the benefits of taking a drug test. This is so because, they need to know that taking a drug test is relevant to them and to the state in several ways as it will be mentioned later. Paper's Scope and Major Sections There are different issues affecting the policy of drug test. As mentioned above, some critics claim that it is going to employees discriminate those who benefit from the government. They also claim that the state will be intruding into is citizens privacy. Could this be an escape goat to hide from the law? It is evident that the use of drugs in the US is illegal. According to (Sanders, 2012), this is one of the great moves of the state of prevent drug users from accessing the states’ financial help. It is a way of preventing drug users and traffickers from accessing state funds that after they have served their jail term as convicts. Drug testing policy has already been passed in some States including Florida, and at least 10% of its employees are tested in every three months. The American civil Liberties Union sued Scott for violating the constitution by victims being searched without being suspected. It is the only way to check if people who get state benefits deserve it. Assignment 3 (100 Points) Research method As it sinks deeper into discovery, this paper will analyze critical reasons why drug test is paramount. It  also analyzes the validity of the claims made by its opponent after which it will draw its conclusion. Benefits of this program The society has been fighting drug

Communication and Conflict Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication and Conflict Final - Essay Example In order to achieve the goals of conflict resolution, the mediator must have enough internal direction and good communication and interpersonal skills in order to come to an agreement with both parties (â€Å"Why Does Virginia Tech Have a Conflict Resolution Program?† 2009). Being able to speak eloquently and clearly as a mediator is a key role in how conflicts are negotiated. Both parties must feel like they understand what is going on within the conversation being had, not only with each other, but how the mediator is being understood by both parties. Good mediators are able to keep the subject at hand relevant to the discussion and can navigate difficult, at-times uncharted waters, so to speak. One approach to conflict is that â€Å" ‘we do not have to stay the way we are’; we all have more choices in conflicts tha[n] we assume† (Hocker, et. al., 1985, p. xi). According to Gerzon (2006), â€Å"As our world grows smaller, opportunities for conflict multiply. Ethnic, religious, political, and personal differences drive people apart--with potentially disastrous consequences--and its the task of perceptive leaders to bring them together again† (pgh. 1). Finally, a negotiator or person in conflict mediation needs to be helpful, above all things. If a negotiator is not helpful, chances are that the conflict could escalate or become blown out of proportion. Negotiators must seek to navigate that fine line which divides people who are at odds with each other. Being helpful is one of the key traits negotiators need to have in order to be successful at their job. Good negotiators are able to see any conflict from both sides and are able to navigate uncharted waters. The deft negotiator is one who nimbly and quickly thinks on one’s feet and can mediate in sticky situations. According to Britannica (2008), â€Å"[The creation of the such a one body, the League of Nations, was an idea strongly favored by

Geography of minnesota Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geography of minnesota - Assignment Example Due to glaciation much of the sandstone was eroded leaving eroded igneous material on the surface. The North Shore rises has an elevation of about six hundred feet and is said to have been as low as 250 feet from its current position and as high as five hundred feet from where it stands now. Minnesota is a state where three of North America’s biomes converge but the North Shore contains the boreal forest although it has some of the prairie grasslands. Although the state of Minnesota records the two extremes of the weather that is the hot summers and very cold winters the temperature the temperatures in the North Shore are no different as mean temperatures range from 2degrees centigrade to 5dergrees centigrade. Lake Agassiz was a lake which was located at the Northern part of America that was larger than the Great Lakes but all that is left is Lake Winnipeg, Lake Manitoba and Lake of the Woods all which are the relics of Lake

Stateless nations Palestine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stateless nations Palestine - Essay Example This population of people has no citizenship and its benefits and thus lacks full access to services offered by the reference government to the legitimate citizens. This is despite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which asserts that every person has a right to nationality (Balaton 1). The stateless people do not have the benefit of civil and political, economic, cultural, and social rights, economic and cultural rights that citizens in a state enjoy. Indeed, this population does not even have an avenue to claim for these rights and hence do not participate in any national matters. As such, the stateless population is prone to poor employment, poverty, travel barriers, inequality, discrimination, sexual and physical violence, no legal protection, property ownership restrictions, political barriers, exclusion, and humanitarian crisis (Balaton 2-3). Moreover, they cannot access health, education, and other social services. As such, statelessness is arguably one of the dangerou s and undesirable conditions that affect the world population. Nevertheless, the UNHCR is undertaking re4levant measures to reduce statelessness in the globe (â€Å"UN News Centre† 1). In this context, this paper will detail Palestine as a stateless nation. ... Notably, for a long time, Palestinians and the Jewish people of Israel have been living in the same area where Israel now controls most of that territory and Palestinians are still struggling to reclaim that area for purposes of their own independent state. As a result, there has been a struggle for the stateliness of Palestine with Israel seeking to maintain the status quo. We can trace this dispute from the historical days of the Bible, which involved Abraham’s son Isaac representing the Jews and Ishmael representing the Arabs. Since then, Israel and Palestine has been on war with Israel winning all wars thus rendering Palestine to be stateless. Actually, in 1967, Israel captured Israel captured major territories with huge Palestine population, which included Gaza from Egypt and the West Bank from Jordan. Nevertheless, this victory did not derive peace and security to Israel as Palestine kept up the fight for West Bank, which is their probable independent state. As such, the struggle for land, security, and Palestine independence persists to this day and Palestine remains a stateless nation. Most assuredly, Israel seeks to reduce the Palestinian Arabs population while increasing the number of Jewish immigrants. Nevertheless, most Israelis are slowly accepting that Palestinians deserve to have an independent state with Palestinians con?ning their concentration to the West Bank. The stateless Palestine fall into three categories which include holders of nationalities of convenience, holders of the ‘Refugee Travel Document’, and holders of the Palestinian passport issued by the Palestinian Authority (Shiblak 8). Historically, the geographical location of Palestine was a region in

The Transfiguration of Jesus Christ its Historicity Relationship to Research Paper

The Transfiguration of Jesus Christ its Historicity Relationship to the Old Testament the Manifestation of His Divinity Anticip - Research Paper Example In fact, the story itself is called into question on many levels, the fact that this was a completely isolated experience and completely foreign to most human beings’ perceptions of reality. However, the converse is also true, that just because it was a solitary instance, and not found in multiple occurrences in the life of Christ tends to increase the veracity of the mystery as an actual event and not a simply a literary creation designed with the intention of enlarging and deifying the personage of Jesus Christ. 2 "We are asserting that the transfiguration occurred for the sake of the disciples. Is it possible to affirm that it was for Christ's benefit? Some have thought that he needed it for his encouragement, seeing that he was faced with so much public opposition and with such dullness of comprehension on the part of his closest followers. But the narrative gives no hint of hesitation or weakness or discouragement on his part. " 3 This paper will explore several different facets of the research that has been done regarding this mystery and while not attempting to draw any conclusions or final dictums regarding it, hopes to present an unbiased look at the Transfiguration from several viewpoints and attempt a rational understanding. THE TRANSFIGURATION The retelling of the story can be found in the Gospels of Matthew 17:1–8, KJV, Mark 9:2–10, KJV, and Luke 9:28–36, KJV with some variation between them. The event itself takes place on the â€Å"Mount of the Transfiguration,† as it has come to be known. A plethora of research on the actual location (some believe it to be Mount Tabor) of this mountain exists, but its true identity has never been verified. The reference to a high mountain also give some credence to the resurrection analogy as well. 4 The Apostles John, James and Peter accompanied Jesus on the trek to this mountaintop, where they witnessed Jesus change before their eyes, a glow began from within him and his clot hing became bright white and a radiance, which they identified with the glory of God, blossomed from his frame. Then the prophets of the Old Testament, Moses and Elijah appear at his side and a cloud envelops them all. From within the cloud a voice booms out, "This is my Son, whom I love, listen to him!" Then as quickly as it came the cloud vanished, taking with it the two prophets and leaving only Jesus and his three disciples. As they walked back down the mountain Jesus bid them not to tell anyone what they had seen until after his suffering, Crucifixion and Resurrection. †¦so the transfiguration story, with its voice from heaven echoing the earlier voice at Jesus' baptism, confirms the narrators application of "Son of God" (1:1; 9:7). Jesus' comment to Peter, James, and John on the way down the mountain sets the limit to the messianic secret: they are "to tell no one about what they had seen, until after the Son of Man had risen from the dead"5 One of the first questions whi ch comes to mind is why Jesus asked his disciples to keep this event a secret? Surely the recounting of this event would solidify many more men and women to his following. The answer is quite simple, if this were known than the life of Jesus may have unfolded very differently, and that would have been anathema to the greater cause of Jesus’ existence: "But Mark's story has already insisted upon

Information systems site visit paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information systems site visit - Term Paper Example In addition, duplication and omission of a medicine from the EMR or including a drug that the patient does not take currently make up the discrepancies in medical reconciliation. Interactions, such as Drug to drug and drug to disease also form part of the discrepancies experienced (Orrico 2008). Since these errors can be fatal, it is important to control them. Patients are the major agents of discrepancies. The lack of proper communication with the healthcare providers as regards to the medicine that administered to the patient outside the current health care facility is crucial. Sometimes, the patient can receive over-the-counter (OTC) medicine and it is extremely important to reveal this to the healthcare providers in order to avoid discrepancies. For instance, omitting a daily Multivitamin that the patient has initiated from the medication list is a patient generated discrepancy (Vogenberg & DiLascaia, 2013). Practically, it is only through the patient that this product can be included in the EMR, through the patient report. Yes. The systems in the purview of pharmacy are simplified and streamlined. With the escalating costs of health care provision, pharmacists are committed to solve this problem through the system that is streamlined to provide ameliorated health care yet affordable to the patients. Further, the simplification increases access to health care for the patients. Pharmacies are often located conveniently and operate for either extended hours or twenty-four hours a day so that the patients can conveniently access the facility. The pharmacies work closely with specialists and physicians, together with their skills in the field of medication and the utilization thereof, in their bid to provide counseling and advice on new prescriptions, safe use of products and the use of proper OTC treatment (The Pharmacists’ Association of Newfoundland and Labrador 2011). The streamlined and

Thresher Sinking Atlantic Ocean (1963) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Thresher Sinking Atlantic Ocean (1963) - Essay Example The disaster is also blamed on an electrical fault that saw vital pumps stop working. Known to be the worst submarine accident in U.S. history, engineers have learnt a lot from the event. Engineers have learnt the importance of upholding standards and procedures, testing procured materials, and prioritizing safety over other factors when it comes to designing and building products. Sinking of the Thresher in the Atlantic Ocean in 1963 Introduction Engineers are credited for designing different machines, equipment and structures that serve to overcome certain specific problems. As they undertake their works, engineers go to great depths to ensure that whatever they design work as efficiently as possible. Understanding the risks that their designs may pose to the public and infrastructure, they often do a lot of calculations and incorporate safety measures wherever they can in their designs. Furthermore, they are tasked with choosing materials that have properties that match the functi ons for which they are to be used. In as much as engineers do their best to ensure that what they design and make work without failing, this is not always the case. Sometimes, engineering systems fail leading to massive losses. One case of failure that resulted from an engineering error is the sinking of Thresher submarine in the Atlantic Ocean. ... Navy at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard (Bentley, 1975). The submarine, which was at its time, the most advanced, was engaged in several sea trials in the Caribbean sea and the Atlantic Ocean between 1961 and 1962 only to prove its prowess as a war machine. The machine was so technologically advanced that it was rated the fastest and quietest submarine ever to be built in the world then, specifically dedicated to searching and destroying Soviet submarines (Bentley, 1975). Its sonar system had the capacity to detect ships and other submarines as far away as other submarines could not detect. Furthermore, it was installed with a highly technical weapons system which included the newest anti-submarine missile that the U.S. Navy had – the SUBROC. Apart from these amazing characteristics, the Thresher could dive far below any other machine of its ilk. Having been hit by a tug that damaged its ballast tanks while moored at Port Canaveral, Florida, it was necessary for the Thresher to undergo repairs, have its systems examined and before it could be fully certified for use during operations. After the submarine was finally certified to be operational, it was set to undergo routine tests on April, 9, 1963 (Bentley, 1975). Under the command of Lieutenant Commander John Wesley Harvey, the ship left the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine in the company of a rescue ship, Skylark, at 8 am. The rescue vessel accompanied the Thresher so that it could provide rescue services to those onboard the submarine in case of any problem. The Skylark had the capacity to provide rescue services to the submarine up to a maximum depth of about 850 feet (Bentley, 1975). The submarine

No to Gmo Essay Example for Free

No to Gmo Essay No to GMO Genetically modified foods are foods or plants that have been modified by researchers and scientists to improve the growth and development process. This idea was first introduced in 1982 and now has become widespread in use, especially in the US. This technology is sometimes referred to as â€Å"gene technology† or â€Å"genetic engineering† (WHO). All genetically modified foods are produced in a laboratory to â€Å"enhance its biological feature† (Godiff). This is not healthy. GM foods have the potential to pose major health risks for humans. The three major issues of concern for human health are allergenicity, gene transfer, and outcrossing. Genetically modified foods also pose risks to the environment, such as the possibility of species extinction (WHO). These foods are being produced because they seem to be advantageous. They seem to bring promise of lower prices and better quality. The whole purpose of genetically modified food(s) is to improve crop production by resisting unwanted insect damage, viral infections, and tolerating certain herbicides; however, this is not the result of GM foods (WHO). Cost, safety, property rights, and potential environmental danger all must be properly addressed and assessed. But perhaps they are being addressed in all the wrong ways. One of the biggest overall concerns, aside from human health, is for the environment. First, there is a fear that the GMO’s may â€Å"escape† and introduce the engineered genes into wild populations (WHO). This means the modified genes could alter plants and animals that were not meant to be altered. This leads into another big issue, insects that may not be pests will become susceptible to the gene product, causing death throughout various insect populations. That might mean the very insects that help plant growth and provide essential nutrients, will die off. A study showed that the pollen from genetically modified corn caused high death rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars (Godiff). Monarch butterflies are already a near threatened species. If we continue to grow these crops, we could risk endangering not only the magnificent Monarch butterfly, but other species as well. This is a big problem. The first of the major concerns for human health is allergenicity. Allergenicity is a problem because there are possibilities that a new allergen could be pr oduced along with the new gene, meaning that it could produce even more things to be allergic to (Godiff). Because so many people are allergic to  different types of food, this seems to raise the most concern. Not only is it bad that allergenicity is a concern, it is even worse that there is no reliable way to test the product for allergies (Pusztai). The next two areas of concern surround gene transfer and outcrossing. And they are a lot more complicated. Gene transfer is when genes from the GM food product transfer to cells of the body. This could result in serious adverse effects. This would be extremely bad if genes with an antibiotic resistance were to be transferred into the human body. Once they were transferred it would cause antibiotic resistance, which would lead to the body not being able to fight off certain pathogens. Once the body is not able to fight off the pathogens, it could lead to a weakened immune system and ultimately not getting better. This is hard work in the medical field going to waste. Outcrossing, the second important area of concern, is â€Å"the movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops or related species in the wild† (WHO). This is an issue because seeds can easily be transferred from one place to another- by wind, water, and certain animals. The pollen from the genetically modified crops could also be transferred to the conventional crops. This ultimately means that our conventional crops may become contaminated, and mixed with the GMC’s. Farmers will have no way of knowing if this happens. So, one pro posed way to fix this is to adopt regulations such as separation of the fields between GM crops and conventional crops (WHO). Genetically modified crops and conventional crops cannot co-exist. Really, in general, there is no end to the controversy over genetically modified crops or GMO’s. Each of these foods must be assessed on â€Å"case-to-case† basis. These studies cannot be generalized and cannot be taken lightly. Greenpeace said, â€Å"Scientific concerns about the safety of GM foods are clearly real† (Meikle) There is a study that showed the toxin levels are not only extremely evident but also extremely unpredictable (Pusztai). In all honesty, while these may be the major and most important areas of debate, they are not the only ones. In fact, there could be countless adverse health effects that we do not even know about yet. These products must undergo more testing and stricter regulations. We, like the European Union, need to enforce and place more emphasis on testing GM foods. Perhaps not to the extreme, as they are, like violent protesting and activist raids. We do not want to destroy years of fieldwork, but we do need to do something, before it gets out of hand  (Curry). There is not nearly enough information on genetically modified foods for them to be considered safe. There is no information on the long-term effects. Finally, labeling genetically modified foods. This should hit home the most. We should know what we are eating. We should want to know what we are eating. If the product is made with genetically modified corn, it should say so on the ingredients list. Otherwise it should be labeled no GMO’s. This is so important, just for everyday purposes, so that we can consciously decide and make educated decisions on the foods we are eating and what we are supporting. How are we supposed to stop the mass production of GMC’s if we are buying them? Buying foods that are made with GMO’s is only showing support for the very thing we do not want. This is essential for ourselves and our family. In conclusion, genetically modified foods are bad news. There is not enough information on them to really know whether or not they are okay. And there is certainly not any information on what they could do to our health in the future. Until there is, the skepticism will remain. Genetically modified foods need to be further researched and labeled in the market. But as of right now, they seem to be causing a lot of problems and also have the potential to cause many more. Human health and the environment are at risk. Genetically modified foods aren’t worth it. Once there is more research and tests done, there may be reason to further review it. But right now the answer is no. Bibliography 20 Questions on Genetically Modified (GM) Foods. World Health Organization . Web. 12 Mar. 2013.http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/ 20questions/en/. Curry, Andrew. Seeds of Conflict. Discover Magazine. (2013): n. page. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. http://discovermagazine.com/2013/april/16-seeds-of-conflict. Godiff, Lewis. Genetically Modified Foods. Science and Technology Journal. (2012): Web. 12 Mar. 2013.http://scienceandtechnologyjournal.wordpress.com/ 2012/03/16/genetically modified-foods/. Meike, James. Journal to Publish GM Foods Report. Guardian. (1999): Web. 26 Feb. 2013. http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/1999/oct/05/gm.food. Pusztai, Arpad. Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?. actionbioscience. n. page. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. http://www.actionbioscience.org/ biotechnology/ pusztai.html?print.

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay

Human Resource Planning Paper Assignment Animation Essay Human Resource planning is a process of developing the strategies of skills of the employees to reach the organizational needs. The role of the Human Resource Planning in a organization is to recruit the right person for right work, and work to meet organizational objectives and make the employees to respond to changes that made in the organization as well as changes made in the outside of the organization. Training and retraining strategies are also including in the Human Resource Planning Process. Most of the organization wants Human Resource Planning Systems which is simple to understand, where the assumptions that can modified, also which are not take long time. To run such systems organization needs good monitoring action processes, approximate demand models, and an understanding how the resource that works in that organization. Human Resource Activities: Staffing: Attract the best Professional and Technical talents which are really organization needs to reach the organization Objectives. Compensation: To attract that needed talent they should set and give the good salary that will meet or some extra of market rates. Training and Development: This is the important activity of the Human Resource Team. HR activity is to tell employees about the skill requirements that needed to reach the organization goals and start giving the training needed to improve the skills of the employees in their particular fields. Employee Relation: Maintaining the good relation between the all employees is very important and to maintain that relation HR has to set Some Basic Employee relation Rules of organization. I have chosen Vodafone Company to Discuss about Human Resource Planning In this paper. The Role of the Human Resource Planning Team is to create a plan of action to supply the demand. The main 4 steps of the Human Resource Planning Team is to Set Objectives Generate Alternatives Assess Alternatives Choose Alternative ABOUT VODAFONE Vodafone is one of the worlds leading company in mobile telecommunication, with a great presence in Asia, Europe, and the United States. Vodafone is an truly international mobile network company with having more than 260 million customers across the 2 markets and also partner networks in 42 more countries. In the United States this group operates as Verizon Wireless. Vodafone is 1st in UK and 11th globally in the Brands most powerful brands ranking. VODAFONE OVER THE YEARS Vodafone was started in 1984 under the name of Racal Electronics Plc. After in September 1991 it is demerged from the Racal Electronics Plc and changed the name to Vodafone Group Plc. Again after merging with the AirTouch Communications, Inc., Vodafone Changed its name to Vodafone AirTouch Plc on 29 June 1999. On 28 July 2000 it changed to the former name Vodafone Group Plc. KEY MILESTONES OF VODAFONE In January 2007 Vodafone reaches their number of customers to 200 million. In March 2006 Vodafone customers with 3G is reached to 10 million. In 2004 Vodafone launches their first 3G service in Europe. In 2002 Vodafone starts global mobile payment in Germany. This helps customers to buy goods by using the Vodafone mobile. Also in 2002 only Vodafone Starts the GPRS roaming Service, it helps customers to access e-mails on their phone. In 2001 Vodafone Introduces SMS. Vodafone makes the first 3G roaming call in world in between Japan and Spain. The role of the mobile phone in the society has changed tremendously over the years. Vodafone is having 1,150 directly owned stores, which sell services to new customers upgrade or renew for existing customers and also Vodafone having 6,500 branded stores, which sell Vodafones products and services exclusively. And also Vodafone is planning to open 90 more stores in Spain and 21 more stores in Romania during this year. Mission Statement/Statement of Values Vision and Values Our Vision and Values guide the way we act. Our Vision To be the worlds mobile communication leader enriching our customers lives through the unique power of mobile communications. Our Values Our Values are about the way we do things. They describe the way Vodafone people are expected to behave within the business, to help turn our vision to reality. Passion for customers: Our customers have chosen to trust us. In return, we must strive to anticipate and understand their needs and delight them with our service. Passion for our people: Outstanding people working together make Vodafone exceptionally successful. Passion for results: We are action-oriented and driven by a desire to be the best. Passion for the world around us: We will help the people of the world to have fuller lives both through the services we provide and through the impact we have on the world around us (csr globe). In Vodafone they are providing very good training for their employees to reach their Goals. The few tasks of the HR Training Developer in Vodafone are: Perform development, of training materials and user documentation within HR Perform delivery of super user/train the trainer/end user sessions Produce training needs analysis as required for HR Owner of the Finance element of the core training library Liaison with transformation, and the transition team (vodafone careers). For the Excellent HR Initiative Award Vodafone Malta has been selected by the Foundation for Human Resources Development. This award tells that the companys encouragement for employees towards their career growth and as well as companys growth. And it tells about the good training that Vodafone is providing to their employees to reach the organization goals. Vodafone conducts the Performance Management Process to rate the employees. Calibration is an important step in the Performance Management Process to rate the employees in a fair throughout the organization. Martin Gregory, Vodafone Malta Head of Human Resources, said: Our people have a big impact on how we perform as a business and on our success. We are proud to be recognized by the Foundation for Human Resources Development for our accomplishments in this area. Matthew Brearley, Director of HR, Comms Property for Vodafone Ltd talks about building staff momentum and leading through budget cuts in this most modern of giants. Matthew Brearley was appointed UK HR Director at Vodafone in 2006 having previously worked at British Foods, BQ and Marks and Spencer. At MS Matthew Brearleys role involved overseeing the People Strategy and transformation of HR for a workforce of 57,000 employees across 320 stores.Matthew is currently applying his skills and experience to drive performance and efficiencies at Vodafone. Matthew Brearley holds a key role on the UK board working closely with Vodafones UK CEO Nick Read. Matthew Brearleyis truly focussed on HR at the heart of business, how Vodafone must drive through change in an increasingly tight economy, and the critical role of leaders (meettheboss, 2009). The purpose of the HR function in Vodafone is they take the real company strategy and its bring into the live organization to the people to build the capabilities and creating the environment and culture. The main Steps in the Human Resource Planning are Forecasting, Inventory, and audit. Short-Term Human Resource Planning Many I/O psychologists work on activities related to designing and implementing programs (e.g., recruitment, selection systems, and training programs) to meet shortterm organizational needs. Such activities generally involve an element of planning in that they are future-oriented to some extent. Even projects for which objectives are expected to be achieved in as little time as a few months have, ideally, been designed with an understanding of how the short-term objectives are linked to the achievement of longer term objectives. For example, an aeronautics company engaged in a recruitment campaign to hire 100 engineers should have a clear understanding of how this hiring goal will help the company achieve long-term goals such as becoming the worlds most innovative company in that industry. This hypothetical company also might have a college recruiting drive designed to find 75 college graduates to enter a trainingprogram in recognition of the fact that a growing company needs to prepare for the middle managers it will need 5 to 7 years hence, as well as the top level managers it will need in 10 to 15 years. As this hypothetical example highlights, in order for a clear linkage to exist between human resource planning and strategic business planning, it is essential that an organizations top executives have a fully articulated vision for the future, which has been communicated and accepted by managers throughout the organization. Long-Term Human Resource Planning: Increasingly, long-term human resource planning (for beyond three years) is becoming critical to the effective functioning of organizations. The rapidly changing and highly competitive worldwide marketplace is causing firms to turn to their human resources for survival and competitiveness. Because there is a greater understanding that an organizations work force cannot be turned around on a dime, long-term human resource planning is gaining currency. It is an activity that demands integration of the skills and knowledge of the human resource planner and all the other executives responsible for strategic planning. Although there are many types of long-term planning efforts, we use succession planning as our primary example of the process (HRPlanning pdf).

Preparation Of Oxalate Complexes Of Iron Biology Essay

Preparation Of Oxalate Complexes Of Iron Biology Essay To prepare two oxalate complexes of iron namely, Potassium Trioxalatoferrate Trihydrate and Iron Oxalate and to analyse the products for iron and oxalate respectively. One of the properties known to be characterised by transition metals such as iron is complex ion formation since they are able to form stable complexes. In this experiment, two complex of iron are being formed with the oxalate ion being the common ligand in both. Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and Iron (II) Oxalate are the two complexes being formed and are represented by the following chemical structures: Figure 1: Chemical structures of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and Iron (II) Oxalate respectively. The oxalate ion, apart from acting as a Lewis base can be referred to as a bidentate ligand since an oxalate ion can donates two pairs of electrons (one from each oxygen) to the iron (III) or Iron (II) cation acting as a Lewis acid from two oxygen atoms as can be seen in figure 1 above. Iron can form a variety of complexes with most of them having an octahedral geometry. In this experiment, the Iron (II) oxalate formed is characterised by an Fe2+ as the central metal cation. This is then oxidised to Fe3+ in order to synthesise the Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate complex characterised by an Fe3+ as the central metal cation. Certain complexes such as the Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate complex are unstable to light and therefore they are said to be photosensitive. For this reason, it is a must to store such a complexes under dark conditions in order to prevent the reduction of the Fe3+ ion back to the Fe2+ ion. The amount of oxalate within a complex can be determined using titrimetric analysis. Potassium permanganate is titrated with the oxalate ion and the amount of oxalate can be determined through this redox titration. No indicator is necessary in such a titration due to the fact that the endpoint is characterised by a faint pink colour resulting from the fact that at the end point, excess un reacted permanganate ions are present in the solution since all the oxalate ions would have been consumed. The amount of iron in a complex on the other hand can be analysed following the addition of zinc to the complex solution followed by heating. Once this is carried out, the resulting solutions can be treated with potassium permanganate in a redox titration as described previously above and hence, the amount of iron in a complex can be determined. In this experiment, heating is involved in the redox titrations due to the fact that since the reaction is rather slow at room temperature, in order for one to observe a quick colour change at the end point, the solution needs to be heated to around 60oC. Method Chemicals used Ferrous ammonium sulphate Hydrogen peroxide Sulfuric acid Ethanol Oxalic acid Zinc Ferrous oxalate Potassium permanganate Potassium oxalate Apparatus used Buchner funnel Heating mantle Burette Weighing boat Thermometer Filter paper Magnetic stirrer Glass wool Analytical balance Measuring cylinder Procedure Part a Preparation of Iron (II) oxalate 15g of ferrous ammonium sulphate were dissolved in 50mL warm water which had been acidified with 1mL 2M sulfuric acid. To this, a solution of 10% 75mL oxalic acid was added with rapid stirring. The mixture was gently heated until its boiling point was reached and the yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate formed was allowed to settle. The precipitate was removed by filtration on a Buchner funnel and washed thourally with hot water followed by acetone. The product was allowed to dry on a funnel under suction and was then weighed. Part B Preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate. 3.25g of ferrous oxalate was suspended in a warm solution of (5g in 15mL water) potassium oxalate. To this, 15mL 20 vol. Hydrogen peroxide was added from a burette whilst the solution was stirred continuously and the temperature was maintained at 40oC. The solution contained a precipitate of ferric hydroxide and this was removed by heating the solution to its boiling point and adding 10mL 10% oxalic acid. Further small amounts of oxalic acid was added drop wise until the precipitate just dissolved. The hot solution was filtered and 15mL ethanol was added to the filtrate in order to re dissolve any crystals that formed by gentle heating. The solution was placed in a dark cupboard to crystallize since the product formed was photosensitive. The crystals were collected by filtration on a Buchner funnel and later washed with an equivolume mixture of ethanol and water followed by acetone. The crystals were then dried and weighed. Part C The analysis of the products for Iron and Oxalate For Iron (II) oxalate: 0.3g of oxalate were dissolved in 25mL 2M sulfuric acid and the solution was heated to 60oC and titrated with 0.2M standard potassium permanganate solution until the first permanganate pink colour was observed. 2g of zinc dust was added and the solution was boiled for 25 minutes. The solution was filtered through glass wool and the residual zinc was washed with 2M sulfuric acid. The washings were added to the filtrate and the solution was titrated with standard potassium permanganate. The percentages of iron, oxalate and water of recrystalisation in the product were determined and hence, the empirical formula could be derived. For Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate: 0.2g of Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate were dissolved in 25mL 2M sulfuric acid and titrated with 0.02M permanganate. The solution was treated with zinc dust and re-titrated with permanganate as described in the analysis of Iron (II) oxalate above. The percentages of iron and oxalate in the complex were determined and this was compared to the theoretical value. Precautions: It was made sure that in the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, ethanol was added to the filtrate in order to re dissolve any crystals that formed by gentle heating. It was made sure that in the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, the solution was placed in a dark cupboard to crystallize since the product formed was photosensitive. It was made sure that for the preparation of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate, the temperature was maintained at 40oC to prevent hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Observations: Ferrous (II) oxalate had a yellow precipitate and at the end a yellow powder was obtained. The endpoint of the redox titrimetric titration was marked by a faint pink colouration. Ferric hydroxide had a brown precipitate which turned into a green solution upon excess oxalic acid was added. Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate formed was in the form of green crystals. 3. Results and Calculations Results: Part A: Ferrous ammonium sulphate weighed 15.042g 10% oxalic acid measured 75mL Mass of ferrous (II) oxalate obtained 5.586g Part B: Ferrous (II) oxalate used 3.269g Potassium oxalate used 5.008g Mass of Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate obtained 2.205g Part C: Ferrous (II) oxalate used 0.320g Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate used 0.200g Zinc used 2g Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between iron (II) oxalate and permanganate 49.5mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between iron (II) oxalate and permanganate in the presence of zinc 15.50mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and permanganate 24.50mL Volume of permanganate required in the redox titration between Potassium Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate and permanganate in the presence of zinc 4.00mL Calculations: Analysis of products for Iron Oxalate for Iron(II) oxalate The equations taking place in the reaction are: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Moles permanganate reacting with oxalate and iron = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (49.50 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00099 moles Moles permanganate reacting with iron (II) = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (15.5 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00031 moles Therefore, moles of permanganate reacting with the oxalate ions = Total number of moles Number of moles of permanganate reacting with iron. 0.00099 0.00031 = 0.00068 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 2 moles of permanganate react with 5 moles of oxalate, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5/2 (0.00068) = 0.0017 moles Grams of oxalate = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of oxalate = 0.0017 x 88 Grams of oxalate = 0.150 grams Therefore % oxalate in the product: (0.150 / 0.320) x 100 = 46.9 % From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 1 mole of permanganate react with 5 moles of Iron, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5 (0.00031) = 0.00155 moles Grams of Iron (II) = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of Iron (II) = 0.00155 x 56 Grams of Iron (II) = 0.087 grams Therefore % Iron in the product: (0.087 / 0.320) x 100 = 27.19% The mass of water = Total mass of complex (Mass of oxalate + iron (ii)) Mass of water = 0.320 (0.150 + 0.087) = 0.083g Therefore moles = grams / RMM Moles water = 0.083 / 18 Moles water = 0.0046 moles Therefore % water in product: (0.083 / 0.320) x 100 = 25.9% To calculate the empirical formula: Iron Oxalate Water 0.00155 : 0.0017 : 0.0046 0.00155 : 0.00155 : 0.00155 1 : 1 : 3 Thus empirical formula is FeC2O4.3H2O Analysis of products for Iron Oxalate for Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate. The equation taking place in the reaction are: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Moles permanganate reacting with oxalate = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (24.5 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 0.00049 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 2 moles of permanganate react with 5 moles of oxalate, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5/2 (0.00049) = 0.00123 moles Grams of oxalate = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of oxalate = 0.00123 x 88 Grams of oxalate = 0.108 grams Therefore % oxalate in the product: (0.108 / 0.200) x 100 = 54 % Moles permanganate reacting with iron (III) = Concentration of permanganate x Volume of permanganate required: Moles permanganate = 0.02 x (4.00 / 1000) Moles permanganate = 810-5 moles From the stoichiometry of the equation it is observed that 1 mole of permanganate react with 5 moles of Iron, thus: Moles of oxalate = 5 (810-5) = 0.0004 moles Grams of Iron = number of moles x mass of oxalate Grams of Iron = 0.0004 x 56 Grams of Iron = 0.0224 grams Therefore % Iron in the product: (0.0224 / 0.200) x 100 = 11.20% Discussion: In the first part of the experiment, ferrous ammonium sulphate, also known as Mohrs Salt was treated with warm water and sulphuric acid in order to prevent the formation of rust coloured iron hydroxides and oxides. This was followed by oxalic acid. The oxalate ions replace some or all of the sulphate ligands surrounding the Fe2+ ion and as a result, a yellow precipitate of ferrous oxalate forms. The reaction taking place is as follows: H2C2O4 (aq) + Fe2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l) Æ’Â   3H2O+ (aq) + FeC2O4 (s) In order to oxidise the Fe2+ ion into an Fe3+ ion in ferrous oxalate, hydrogen peroxide, acting as an oxidising agent is added to a solution of ferrous oxalate and potassium oxalate. Temperature control is very crucial in this step due to the fact at high temperatures, hydrogen peroxide can decompose and thus would not be able to oxidise the iron (II) to iron (III) required to prepare the Potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) trihydrate complex. It is important to make sure that all the iron (ii) has been oxidised to iron (iii) due to the fact that since each complex consists of a different number of oxalate ligands, if a mixture of the two complex ions is present, the empirical formula determination would become difficult. The reaction taking place is as follows: 2FeC2O4 (s) + C2O42- (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq) Æ’Â   4H2O (l) + Fe2(C2O4 )3 (s) When the Fe2(C2O4 )3 precipitate was dissolved, [Fe(C2O4)3]3- forms. This reacts with the potassium ions in solution introduced via the potassium oxalate and forms potassium trioxalatoferrate (III) which is photosensitive and thus must be stored in the dark. In the analysis of the oxalate ion, no indicator is required in the redox titration between permanganate and the oxalate ions due to the fact that at the end point, since potassium permanganate is an oxidising agent, it oxidises the oxalate ions in solution into carbon dioxide and as a result, permanganate is itself reduced to Mn2+ therefore a faint pink colour is observed at the endpoint. The reactions taking place are as follows: 2MnO4- (aq) + 5C2O42- (aq) + 16H+ (aq) Æ’Â   2Mn2+ (aq) + 10CO2 (g) + 8H2O (l) In order to analyse the iron content in the complexes formed, zinc is added followed by heating the solution. Once this was complete, the solution was treated with permanganate in a redox titration similar to the one described previously above. The reaction taking place is as follows: 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Æ’Â   5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O Conclusion: This experiment has shown that iron being a transition metal can exist as various oxidation states. These oxidation states can then form a variety of complexes with various ligands. The complexes that are formed can then be analysed using a redox titration in order to determine the percentages of iron and oxalate in the complex. In this experiment, the empirical formula of Iron (II) oxalate was found to be FeC2O4.3H2O and consisted of 46.9 % oxalate, 27.19% Iron (II) and 25.9% water where as the Trioxalatoferrate (III) Trihydrate consisted of 54% oxalate and 11.20% iron (III)

The Symbol of Ignorance :: Gun Control Freedom Essays

The Symbol of Ignorance Political emblems and logos can symbolize various things to various people. People see the same image but they do not look at it the same. To some, the representation may be positive, while to others it denotes a negative connotation. The National Rifle Association's emblem conveys ignorant ideologies. The National Rifle Association (NRA) founded in 1871 developed an icon that entails a n eagle grasping rifles in its feet while standing atop a shield painted like the American flag. To some, this icon displays pride and the rights granted to us by the United States Constitution. Some individuals are staunch believers that say gun control should have no restrictions and that anyone over the legal age should have the option of owning a firearm without questions asked. The NRA is comprised of these people who are under the assumption that they can justify their actions by shielding (like that the eagle is perched upon) behind the 2nd Amendment of the US Constitution which states that "a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." Despite this legal shield, gun control laws need to be enacted. "The right to bear arms" should be loosely interpretated. It was created in 1791 to prote ct the American colonists in times of crisis with either the Native Americans or the British soldiers. Instead, the members of the NRA take this right to the extreme and argue that any form of arsenal is appropriate to own. A few problems arise with this belief. No one can argue validly that owning a machine gun or an AK-47 is necessary. If a husband and his wife feel safer with a gun in the home in the case of burglary or other unsuspected catastrophes, by all means they should be able to have a hidden gun in their residence. If someone is an avid hunter, by all means they should be able to own a rifle. The key word in the last to sentences is "a." A small, hand-held gun would be appropriate for the family who lives in fear and feels safer and more protected. It is pure ignorance to argue that owning deadly guns is a "right" in the United States.

T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay -- Eliot Love So

T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Works Cited Not Included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, a poem by T.S. Eliot, provides an abundant source of material for applying Freudian analysis.[1] Specifically, it is the character Prufrock who supplies this rich source. Although many Freudian themes could have been addressed in relation to Prufrock, in this paper it will be narrowed to the prevalent themes of ambivalence and cultural frustration found in Freudπs work and the contributing role the super-ego plays in their occurrence. In fact, Prufrock exemplifies ambivalence and its necessary conditions so well that Freud himself would have probably labeled him a neurotic. Before applying Freudian analysis to Prufrock, it is important to address one issue that will have an immediate effect on the interpretation of the poem. It stems from the following translated passage found in Danteπs Inferno that appears right before the body of the poem. The passage is spoken by a person within the eighth chasm of hell.[2] If I believed that my answer would be To someone who would ever return to earth, This flame would move no more, But because no one from this gulf Has ever returned alive, if what I hear is true, I can reply with no fear of infamy. (Eliot, 3) Although this passage may suggest that Prufrock is speaking to someone who he can trust, his character would suggest otherwise. Prufrock is far too consciously anxious when it comes to what people think of him. This can be displayed by his enduring indecisiveness found in the many questions he asks throughout the poem, such as, ≥Do I dare / Disturb the universe?≤ (45-46) and ≥S... ...y. The issue of sexual repression, an example being when he asks "Do I dare to eat a peach?" (125), could easily be another thematic focus. Also, one could focus on the dream-like structure of the poem, and how the issues of manifest and latent content come into play. Of course, as alluded to, repression (not just the sexual kind) is extremely prevalent throughout the poem, and would thus provide an excellent case study for Freudian analysis. However, it was interesting to address the issues of ambivalence and cultural frustration because when applying these to the poem Prufrock's character began to make more sense. There was an explanation provided for his previously inexplicable behavior. Also, there was a vivid example of Freudian theory at work. In this sense, the coupling of Freudian theory and this poem, made both even more comprehensible and enriching. T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Essay -- Eliot Love So T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Works Cited Not Included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, a poem by T.S. Eliot, provides an abundant source of material for applying Freudian analysis.[1] Specifically, it is the character Prufrock who supplies this rich source. Although many Freudian themes could have been addressed in relation to Prufrock, in this paper it will be narrowed to the prevalent themes of ambivalence and cultural frustration found in Freudπs work and the contributing role the super-ego plays in their occurrence. In fact, Prufrock exemplifies ambivalence and its necessary conditions so well that Freud himself would have probably labeled him a neurotic. Before applying Freudian analysis to Prufrock, it is important to address one issue that will have an immediate effect on the interpretation of the poem. It stems from the following translated passage found in Danteπs Inferno that appears right before the body of the poem. The passage is spoken by a person within the eighth chasm of hell.[2] If I believed that my answer would be To someone who would ever return to earth, This flame would move no more, But because no one from this gulf Has ever returned alive, if what I hear is true, I can reply with no fear of infamy. (Eliot, 3) Although this passage may suggest that Prufrock is speaking to someone who he can trust, his character would suggest otherwise. Prufrock is far too consciously anxious when it comes to what people think of him. This can be displayed by his enduring indecisiveness found in the many questions he asks throughout the poem, such as, ≥Do I dare / Disturb the universe?≤ (45-46) and ≥S... ...y. The issue of sexual repression, an example being when he asks "Do I dare to eat a peach?" (125), could easily be another thematic focus. Also, one could focus on the dream-like structure of the poem, and how the issues of manifest and latent content come into play. Of course, as alluded to, repression (not just the sexual kind) is extremely prevalent throughout the poem, and would thus provide an excellent case study for Freudian analysis. However, it was interesting to address the issues of ambivalence and cultural frustration because when applying these to the poem Prufrock's character began to make more sense. There was an explanation provided for his previously inexplicable behavior. Also, there was a vivid example of Freudian theory at work. In this sense, the coupling of Freudian theory and this poem, made both even more comprehensible and enriching.

Essay --

Carla Molina December 19th, 2013 Period.8 Judicial Review Research ‘ Case One: â€Å"Georgia .vs. Randolph† Summary This case is about Scott Randolph, who’s home was searched without a warrant. Due to this â€Å"corrupted† search, police ended up finding cocaine in his home. As a matter of fact both Randolph and his wife Janet Randolph were present during the search, it’s stated that Randolph’s wife gave permission to search the house. However Randolph denied to give that consistent, but police believed that the wife’s permission was all they needed. After the encounter with the drugs, Randolph was arrested for drug possession. This case was taken to trail and both the appellate court and Georgie Supreme court believed that the search of Randolph's home was unconstitutional. Key Details & Ideas Majority Opinion: Said by Justice David Souter â€Å" In the majority opinion, compared the reasonableness of such a search to a more casual interaction.† He believes that the co-occupants consent is not valid because their was the refusal of an other occupant. Beside on the Fourth Amendment it states that â€Å" a valid warrantless entry and search of a premises when the police obtain the voluntary consent of an occupant who shares, or is reasonably believed to share, common authority over the property, and no present co-tenant objects.† Dissenting Opinion Said by Justice Scalia â€Å" It is an act of responsible citi... .... Madison was applied to this decision because the actions committed were unconstitutional. According to the Supreme Court the 8th Amendment was broken because the District Court of Appeal was giving a cruel and unusual punishment to Graham. The 8th amendment claus does not allow a juvenile offender to be sentenced to life in jail without a parole for a non-homicidal crime. Therefore Terrance could not fall through with this punishment. Opinion In my opinion, I actually agree with the court decision because yes although he did committed a crime, to be sentenced for life at young age is pretty harsh. I do agree that he should pay for his consequences but not to that extreme. They should honestly come up with a plan that suits his crime. Plus he has the right of the 8th Amendment, to not condone a cruel punishment if it does not suit the crime in which he committed.

Flow Oriented Incentive Spirometry Health And Social Care Essay

Tracheostomy is among the most often performed process in critically sick patients, being done in approximately 24 % of patients in ICUs. The usage of tracheotomy increased over recent old ages. The most common indicant for tracheotomy in the ICU is need for drawn-out mechanical airing. However after some yearss or hebdomads of endotracheal cannulation, ability to cough is compromised because the glottis mechanism is bypassed. The lowest acceptable critical capacity that determines adequateness of cough is 15ml/kg of organic structure weight ( Shapiro el al 1985 ) Patients unable to exhibit a strong effectual cough are at hazard for maintained secernments ; this makes trouble in re-expansion of air sac in that section. So decreased lung volumes from decreased tidal take a breathing non merely can impair oxygenation and predispose to Hypercarbia. It besides can take to atelectasis. Normal self-generated take a breathing form have periodic hyperinflations that prevent alveolar prostration. But the shallow tidal airing take a breathing pattern cause atelectasis, retained secernments and respiratory infections. Atelectasis is a common job in postoperative patients and those with neuromuscular disease. Because atelectasis in some patients appears to be due to reiterate little inspirations. The intervention of atelectasis based on two rules. The lungs must be expanded with a transpulmonary force per unit area sufficient to open the collapsed lung tissues and dead secernments must be cleared. Deeper breaths may be helpful to successfully change by reversal the atelectasis in the first 24-48 hours. Incentive spirometer encourages enlargement of the lungs every bit much as possible above self-generated external respiration ; these have proved to be good in controlled surveies. They used to advance maximum inspiratory attempts, improved cough mechanism due to improved inspiratory capacity and therefore keep normal lung volume. In the inducement spirometry ocular provender back system is incorporated into the device such as raising a ball that the patient attempt controls.Physiological rule:Physiological rule of sustained maximum inspiration is to bring forth a maximum transpulmonary force per unit area gradient bring forthing a more negative intrapleural force per unit area. This force per unit area gradient produces alveolar hyperinflation with minimum air flow during inspiratory stage.1.1NEED FOR THE Survey:Most surveies investigated the usage of incentive spirometry to better the station operative pneumonic map. But merely a few surveies investigate the effectivity of incentive spirometry in tracheostomized patients. Hence the demand arise to look into the effects of incentive spirometry on tracheostomized patients.1.2 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:1. The aim of this survey was to measure the effects of flow-oriented incentive spirometry on, atelectasis, Pao2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomized patients. 2. To measure the effects of diaphragmatic external respiration exercising on atelectasis, PaO2, and PaCO2. 3. To compare the effects of flow-oriented incentive spirometry with diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings on tracheotomy patients.1.3 Hypothesis:1. There is a important difference following flow-oriented incentive spirometry on thorax radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomy patients. 2. There is a important difference following diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings on chest radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 in tracheostomy patients. 3. There is a important difference following flow oriented incentive spirometry on thorax radiogram mark, PaO2, and PaCO2 when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings.1.4 Operational Definition:Tracheostomy: surgical opening up of windpipe to set an air passage to ease respiration in laryngeal obstructor or a status necessitating drawn-out respiratory aid Flow oriented incentive spirometry: Incentive spirometry is a method of voluntary deep external respiration by supplying ocular provender back about inspiratory volume utilizing a specially designed spirometer, the patient inhales until a preset volume is reached so sustains the inspiratory volume by keeping the breath for 3-5 sec. Incentive spirometry reduces the hazard of atelectasis Atelectasis: atelectasis is a prostration of lung tissue impacting portion of all of one lung. This status prevents normal O2 soaking up to healthy tissues Inspiratory capacity: The maximal volume of gas that can be inhaled from the terminal of a resting halitus. This is equal to the amount of the tidal volume and the inspiratory modesty volume. Arterial blood gas: The O2 and CO2 content of the arterial blood measured by assorted methods to measure the adequateness of airing and oxygenation and acid-base position of the organic structure. Oxygen impregnation of Hb is usually 95 % or higher. The partial force per unit area of arterial o2 usually 80-100mmhg and Pco2 is usually 35-45mmHgPartial force per unit area of O in arterial blood ( PaO2 ) :The portion of entire blood gas force per unit area exerted by O gas. It is lower than normal in patients with asthma, clogging lung disease. The normal PaO2 in arterial blood is 95 to 100 millimeter Hg.Partial force per unit area of C dioxide in arterial blood ( PaCO2 ) ,The portion of entire blood gas force per unit area exerted by C dioxide. It decreases during rapid external respiration and it increases with respiratory upsets. The normal force per unit areas of C dioxide in arterial blood are 35 to 45 millimeters Hg1.5 PROJECTED Result:Based on the literature reappraisal available ; the jutting result of this survey will be, the tracheotomy patients who undergo incentive spirometry preparation will hold betterment in lung enlargement, PaO2and PaCO2 degree in arterial blood than the patients who underwent diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings.Chapter IILITERATURE REVIEWTan AK conducted a prospective clinical survey on patients with major caput and cervix surgery was conducted to measure the usage of incentive spirometry to better station operative lung map. An arranger was foremost designed to let patients with tracheostomy tubings to utilize the spirometer. Parameters studied include critical marks, arterial blood gases and pneumonic map trial. Significant betterment of lung map and deficiency of complication warrant the usage of incentive spirometry in station operative caput and cervix surgery patients. ( 2 ) Naveen Malhotra, parveen Malhotra, and Deepak Varma successfully used the modified inducement spirometer in tracheostomized patients admitted in ICU as a lung enlargement technique. The equipments used are an incentive spirometer, an arranger and a Y Connector. The arranger used is merely an anaesthesia tubing connection. In their survey they have besides mentioned that inducement spirometry besides helps to measure lung maps particularly the critical capacity and inspiratory volume. They have concluded that the combination of incentive spirometry, chest physical therapy and early mobilisation improves the efficiency of incentive spirometry. ( 1 ) Mirza S, Hopkinson L, malik TH, Willat DJ were reported that respiratory map proving in patients with tracheal pore or tracheotomy tubings is hard due to the job of neglecting to accomplish a good seal between the tracheotomy tubing or pore. Standard pneumonic map devices connected to a tracheostomy tubing via the same adapter and underwent the respiratory map trial. ( 3 ) Basoglu OK, Atasever A, Bacakoglu F. , Compared a incentive spirometry group to groups having merely medical intervention. A sum of 27 back-to-back patients admitted for COPD aggravations were recruited. 15 ( IS intervention group ) used IS for 2 months, together with medical intervention. The staying 12 ( medical intervention group ) were given merely medical intervention. Pneumonic map and blood gases were measured. PaCO2 values decreased ( P = 0.02 ) , PaO2and PaCO2 values increased ( P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, severally ) in the IS intervention group. However, there were no important differences between the measurings made pretreatment and after 2 months of medical therapy in the medical intervention group, with respects to pneumonic map, blood gases, they concluded that the usage of IS appears to better arterial blood gases in patients with COPD aggravations, although it does non change pneumonic map parametric quantities. ( 4 ) . Celli et al. , compared a no-treatment control group to groups having 15 proceedingss of IS, intermittent positive force per unit area external respiration ( IPPB ) or deep external respiration exercising ( DBE ) in patients who had undergone both upper and lower abdominal surgery. Compared to no intervention, the three intervention techniques were every bit more effectual in forestalling pneumonic complications. The writer suggested that IS may be preferred following upper abdominal surgery, because it appeared to shorten the patient ‘s length of stay. ( 5 ) Ricksten et al. , compared the consequence of 3 yearss of hourly ( 30 breaths ) IS, uninterrupted positive air passage force per unit area ( CPAP ) , and positive terminal expiratory force per unit area ( PEEP ) on gas exchange, lung volumes, and development of atelectasis. The patients who received both CPAP and PEEP were superior to Be for alveolar-arterial O force per unit area difference, FVC, and the incidence of atelectasis. ( 6 ) Stephen et al. , studied the consequence of incentive spirometry versus deep external respiration exercising on cut downing the diminution in critical capacity in patients undergoing abdominal surgery and found that incentive spirometry is more effectual than deep external respiration exercisings in reconstructing critical capacity to preoperative degrees ( 7 ) Thomas JA, McIntosh JM. , Conducted a meta-analysis was to quantitatively measure the conflicting organic structure of literature refering the efficaciousness of incentive spirometry ( IS ) , intermittent positive force per unit area external respiration ( IPPB ) , and deep external respiration exercisings ( DBEX ) in the bar of postoperative pneumonic complications in patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery. He concluded that Incentive spirometry and deep external respiration exercisings appear to be more effectual than no physical therapy intercession in the bar of postoperative pneumonic complications. ( 8 )Chapter IIIMATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY3.1 STUDY DESIGN:Pretest station trial design with a comparing group. It is a quasi experimental design. Two groups were taken: one is experimental group and another one is comparison group. Group A- Experimental group Group B- comparing group3.2 SAMPLE SIZE:Twenty patients were selected and were assigned into two groups ; comparing group and experimental group.3.3POPULATION AND Sampling:An norm, approximately 5 % of patients undergone tracheotomy in ICU for every month. Among these patients, 20 patients were selected and were assigned into two groups by simple random trying method for the survey after obtaining informed consent. One is experimental group who received incentive spirometry preparation and another group is comparison group who received diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings.3.4 STUDY Setting:The survey was conducted at the medical Incentive attention unit ( MICU ) , PSG infirmary, Coimbatore. PSG infirmary is 810 stratified multi forte systems.3.5 TREATMENT DURATION:5-10 breaths per session ; every one hr while awake for 48 hours.3.6 STUDY DURATION:6 months ( from June 1st 2010 to 30th November 2010 )3.5 CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION:3.5.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA:1. Conscious and concerted patients 2. Aged above 18 year 3. Gender: both males and females 4. Patients who are weaned from ventilator and execute self-generated take a breathing with tracheotomy 5. Post operative patients who are at hazard of developing atelectasis 6. Patients with neuromuscular upsets, and post operative patients with thoracic surgery3.5.2EXCLUSION Standards:1. Patients with reduced degree of consciousness 2. Patients who are unable to understand or collaborate with the intervention 3. Patients with respiratory infective diseases3.6 INSTRUMENT AND TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION:1. Chest X beam class for atelectasis 2. Arterial blood gas analysis- PaO2 and Paco2 degree3.7 Technique OF DATA COLLECTION:In this survey baseline appraisal was taken for both the experimental group and comparing group ab initio. Then the patients in experimental group underwent incentive spirometry preparation via modified flow oriented incentive spirometer with the healer supervising so post trial appraisals were taken at the terminal of 48hrs after incentive spirometry preparation. In the comparing group, they received diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings and station trial appraisal was taken after 48 hour of baseline appraisal. Any alterations in each group ‘s PaO2, PaCO2, and chest radiogram mark for atelectasis are compared.3.8 Technique OF DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:Datas collected from both group participants were analyzed utilizing paired't ‘ trial to mensurate the alterations between the pre and station trial values with in the group and Independent ‘t ‘ trial to mensurate the alterations between the groups. Paired't ‘ trial: Where, n = Number of samples S = Standard divergence vitamin D = Mean divergence Independent't ‘ trial: X1 = Mean Differece of Group A X 2 = Mean Difference of Group B SD- combined standard divergence of group A and B n1 = Number of patients in Group A n2 = Number of patients in Group B SD1 = Standard Deviation of Group A SD2 = Standard Deviation of Group BChapter 1VDATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONData analysis is the systematic organisation and synthesis of research informations and testing of research hypothesis utilizing those informations. Interpretation is the procedure of doing sense of the consequences of a survey and analyzing their reading ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) . Pre trial and Post trial value collected utilizing Radiographic Grades to mensurate the degree of atelectasis for patients in Group A and Group B were presented in Table 1 and 2 ( Annexure-VI ) and they expressed as a saloon diagram chart 1 and 2. The Pre trial and Post trial values of Group A and Group B for PaO2 in arterial blood of patients from selected population were presented in Table 3 and 4 ( Annexure-VI ) and besides expressed in chart 3 and 4. Similarly the pre trial and station trial values of Group A and Group B for PaCO2 in arterial blood from selected population were presented in Table 5 and 6 ( Annexure- VI ) and besides presented in chart 5 and 6.Table-7 Difference in average values and Standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on Radiographic Grades for both Group A and BS. NoGroupsDifference in meanStandard Deviation1.Group A0.704832.Group B0.20.4211. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group A based on Radiographic Grades. ( Graph-1 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on thorax radiogram mark for atelectasis following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = = 4.582 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 4.582 gives P & lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values.COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- CHEST RADIOGRAPH SIGN2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based on Radiographic Grades.Hypothesiss: There is important difference on thorax radiogram mark for atelectasis following deep external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = = 1.5 df = n – 1 =9 The t-value 1.5 gives P & gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial. The values are besides represented in a chart 2COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B – Thorax RADIOGRAPH SIGNTable-8 Difference in average values and standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on PaO2 for both Group A and B ( n=10 ) .S. No Groups Difference in Mean Standard Deviation 1. Group A -6.6 6.744 2. Group B 0.91 6.314 In order to happen out the important difference between the pre trial and station trial PaO2 degree in arterial blood paired â€Å" T † trial was used. 1. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 Subjects in Group A based on PaO2 values. ( Chart-3 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 value following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = =-3.094 df = n – 1 =9 The gathered information is tabulated ( ref Table: 2 ) and the mated t trial is conducted. The t-value -3.094 gives P & lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values. The pretest and station trial values are besides represented in a chart ( Ref Chart: 3 ) COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- PaO2 VALUE 2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based on PaO2 values. ( Chart-4 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 following deep external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = =0.455 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 0.455gives P & gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial. The values are besides represented in a chart ( Ref Chart: 4 )COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B- PaO2 VALUE.Table-9 Difference in average values and standard Deviation of pre trial and station trial values based on PaCO2 in arterial blood for both Group A and B ( n=10 ) .S. No Groups Difference in Mean Standard Deviation 1. Group A 7.04 7.58 2. Group B 0.41 5.51 In order to happen out the important difference between the pre trial and station trial for PaCO2 paired â€Å" T † trial was used. 1. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 Subjects in Group A based on PaCO2 value. ( Graph-5 ) Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaCO2 value following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation. ‘t ‘ value = = 2.93 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 2.93 gives P & lt ; 0.01 that agencies there is a important difference between the agencies of pre trial and station trial values.COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP A- PaCO2 VALUE2. Comparison of pre and station trial values of 10 topics in Group B based onPaCO2. ( Graph -6 ) Hypothesis: There is a important difference on PaCO2 value following external respiration exercisings. ‘t ‘ value = = 0.23 df = n – 1 = 9 The t-value 0.23 gives P & gt ; 0.05 that agencies there is a no important difference between the agencies of pretest and station trial.COMPARISON OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST MEAN VALUES FOR GROUP B- PaCO2 VALUETable-10.Difference in average values and standard divergence of Pre trial and station trial values based on Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 values for both Group A and B ( n =20 ) .S.No Variable Difference in mean Standard Deviation 1. Chest Radiographic Grade 0.5 0.453 2. PaO2 5.69 6.533 3. PaCO2 6.63 6.63 In order to happen out the important difference between station trial values of both Group A and B based on Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 Independent't ‘ trial was used.1. Comparison of average values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on chest Radiographic Grade.Comparison of Mean Values of 20 topics in Group A and Group B Based on chest Radiographic Class Hypothesis: There is important difference following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation on thorax Radiographic Grade, when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings. Independent't ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12+ ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 0.453 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = 2.46 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of 2.46 ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the Mean values of chest Radiographic Grade in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted.COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON CHEST RADIOGRAPHIC GRADE2. Comparison of station trial values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on PaO2 valueHypothesis: There is important difference on PaO2 following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation, when compared to diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings Independent't ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12 + ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 6.533 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = -2.57 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of -2.57 ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the station values of paO2 in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted.COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON PaO23. Comparison of Mean values of 20 topics in Group A and B based on PaCO2 value.Comparison of Mean Values of 20 topics in Group A And Group B Based on PaCO2 value Hypothesis: There is important difference on PaCO2 following flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation, when compared to take a breathing exercisings. Independent't ‘ trial SD = ( n1-1 ) SD12+ ( n2-1 ) SD22 ( n1+n2 – 2 ) = 6.63 T = ( x1- x2 ) n1 n2 SD n1 + n2 = 2.236 df = n1+n2 – 2 = 18 The deliberate value is greater than the table value of 2.236 ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) . This shows that there is important betterment between the Mean values of PaCO2 in Group A and B. Hence Hypothesis accepted.COMPARISON OF MEAN VALUES BETWEEN GROUP A AND GROUP B BASED ON PaCO2Chapter VRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe purpose of the survey was to compare the efficaciousness of flow-oriented incentive spirometry preparation with diaphragmatic external respiration exercising in tracheostomized patients. Wholly 20 participants were participated in this survey. They are assigned into comparing group and experimental group. The selected result steps were, Chest radiographic scaling for atelectasis, PaO2 value, PaCO2 valueChest radiographic Grading for Atelectasis:In Experimental group, Based on chest radiographic class for Atelectasis, there is an betterment in the thorax radiogram mark after incentive spirometer preparation. The deliberate T value is 4.58, which gives P & lt ; 0.01. Hence, statistically important betterment was found between pre and station trial means. It shows that the flow oriented incentive spirometry has important consequence on bettering the atelectatic country for the patients with tracheotomy. But in Comparison group, the deliberate T value is 1.5, which gives P & gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. So, this shows the diaphragmatic external respiration exercising has less important consequence on bettering atelectasis.PaO2 value:In Experimental group, Based on PaO2 value, the deliberate T value is 3.09, which gives P & lt ; 0.01. Hence, there is a statistically important betterment in the station trial values of PaO2. It shows that that the sustained maximum inspiration improves arterial blood O degree. But in Comparison group besides, some little differences between the pretest and station trial mean values. But the deliberate T value is 0.45, which gives P & gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. Hence, the diaphragmatic external respiration exercising has less consequence on bettering PaO2.PaCO2 value:In Experimental Based PaCO2 value, the deliberate T value is 2.93, which gives P & lt ; 0.01. Hence, there is an betterment station trial and the difference is extremely important. It shows a important decrease in carbon dioxide degree after incentive spirometry preparation. But in Comparison group, the deliberate T value is 0.235, which gives P & gt ; 0.05. This implies that there is no important difference in the agencies. Hence, this shows that the patients who treated with diaphragmatic external respiration exercisings had no decrease in PaCO2 degree. The p-value ( & lt ; 0.05 ) obtained from independent't ‘ trial showed that the agencies of two group are significantly different. So the patients who received incentive spirometry preparation got more betterment than patients who received diaphragmatic external respiration exercising.RestrictionThere were some restrictions in this survey are given below: This survey was done in a shorter period. The smaller Sample size is a strong modification factor in our survey The entire work of external respiration of the patients during incentive spirometry was non measured. Lung volumes and capacities are non measured Inspiratory musculus strength was non assessed.5.4 RECOMMEDATIONSBased on the result of statistical analysis, it is suggested that the farther surveies should be modified to suit the undermentioned alterations, Effectss can be proved by utilizing pneumonic map trial. Different populations can be analyzed to formalize the consequence. Measure the impact of the extra imposed work of take a breathing ( WBimp ) generated by two different spirometers.Chapter VIDecisionWith the mention to the statistical analysis done from the informations collected by Radiographic Grades, PaO2 and PaCO2 values, concluded that the flow oriented incentive spirometry preparation has important consequence in bettering the degree of atelectasis, PaO2 and PaCO2 degree in arterial blood than diaphragmatic external respiration exercising entirely in tracheostomy patients..‘So, the modified inducement spirometer has been successfully used in tracheostomized patients who were admitted in intensive attention unit as a lung enlargement technique.CHAPTER-VII