Parvovirus B19 A Case Report And Review Of The Literature

Parvovirus B19 in a renal allograft: A case report and review of the literature. Oramas DM., Patel T., Setty S., Yeldandi V., Cabrera Abstract: Parvovirus B19 infection in solid organ transplanted recipient is an underdiagnosed entity. It is usually responsible for unexplained acute and chronic red blood cell aplasia not responding to erythropoietin therapy. Cases of Parvovirus B19 infection associated with pancytopenia, solid organ dysfunction, and allograft rejection have been also described in the literature. Deterioration of the immune system as a result of the severe immunotherapy favors reactivation of an old infection or acquirement of a new one. We present a case of a 32-year-old woman with one-year history of renal allograft transplant and previous cytomegalovirus infection who presented with chest pain, polyarthritis, pancytopenia and renal dysfunction. Serology for Parvovirus showed a titer of 13.8 trillion IU/ml and CMV 800 IU/ml. Renal biopsy revealed nucleomegaly with focal viral inclusions, along with changes associated with immunotherapy toxicity. Electron microscopy showed capillary and tubular epithelial ce lls â€Å"viral factories† confirming the diagnosis. We conclude that screening for parvovirus B19 should be advised in high risk cases who present with refractory anemia to avoid complication of the chronic infection as fatal rejection of the transplanted organ. Key words: Parvovirus B19, renal allograft, transplant Parvovirus B19 is the predominantShow MoreRelatedPodiatry Rhuematoid Arthritis8124 Words   |  33 Pagesquote its cause as unknown (Adams et al.2008, Maggi 2012). Genetic (tabulated in Figure.1) and environmental factors (for example smoking and pathogenic bacterium) interact (Klareskog 2006, Too 2012). Genetic Involvement Author/s Critique of Literature Genes associated with expression Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) Presence of the human leukocyte antigens or (HLA) ‘share-epitope’ alleles Newton et al 2004, Plenge et al 2007, Steer 2009, Too et al 2012 Strong evidence behind HLA involvement

Essay about Leadership Profile of Deepak Chopra - 3313 Words

Leadership Profile Ââ€" Dr. Deepak Chopra Introduction Servant-leader and transformational leadership models will be the lens through which this study will examine Dr.Chopras leadership style. This paper will analyze the leadership effectiveness of Dr.Chopra in his key leadership position as a world renowned medical practitioner in the U.S, and also examine how events throughout his life have ignited his passion to serve as a leader. Description of the Leader The leader Ive chosen to write about is Dr. Deepak Chopra, popularly acknowledged as one of the worlds greatest leaders in the field of alternative medicine and unified consciousness. It was during the years I worked for a fortune 100 company in the US, that I was†¦show more content†¦Detailed Profile Early Mentors (from Dr.Chopras autobiography): My most important mentors were my parents. My father was a very prominent physician and cardiologist. Once a week he would see patients free of charge for charity. And patients would come from all over the country, actually, to see him, on trains and buses. My mother would cook food for them and pay their bus fare and train fare. And my little brother and I would escort the patients in to see my father, who would not only write the prescriptions, but pay for the medicines for them as well. And at the end of the day, my parents would sit with me and explain what had happened during the day. And the moral of the lesson always was that if you want to be happy, then you have to make somebody else happy. I grew up with this notion that you must always have somebody in your life that you can trust, that you can confide in, that you can seek advice from, and that you can learn skills from. And the best skills come not in school, they come from the people that youre close to, that care about you, that you care about. At one point in time, I have three, or four, or five people that I am acting as a mentor for. And I listen to them mostly. I listen to whats going on in their life, whats going on with their friendships, in their relationships. To be a mentor you need to understand whats going on in a young persons

Research Project Analysis of Health And Social Care Free Sample

Questions: 1. Draw conclusions from findings.2. Reflect how own research findings substantiate initial literature review.3. Make recommendations related to area of research.4. Identify potential uses for the research findings within practice. Answers: The purpose of this research project is to analyze data on work related with elderly. One such study was on the impact of climate change in health and social care and its risk while dealing with older patients in England. England experiences significant frequency of weather change and severe weather hazards like floods, cold wave, and heat waves. Heath care staff has a responsibility of protecting the health and wellbeing of older people as they are more vulnerable to climate-related risk. The study was reviewed by map variation across England. This mapping identified areas which could be severely impacted by climatic hazards in the next 20-30 years. Based on the review of a study on the relation between extreme climate and its impact on older patients, they developed operational definition on the pressure on health care system. They tried to relate their studies to UK Climate Impact Programme for 2030, UK Governments flooding projection for 2050 and Coastal Defense Project. The bigg est challenges they identified were how to determine that future socio-demographic condition will lead to vulnerability in health care, and this vulnerability will contribute to risk in elderly. It demonstrated geographic modeling for resilience planning (Oven et al., 2012). Another study was based on what should be the characteristics for health care staff while treating elderly patients. It focused on the importance of communication between caregiver and elderly for good clinical outcomes. A healthy interaction is dependent on health workers personality. The study made a cross-cultural comparison of staff in elderly care according to age and gender. It was found that a lot of characteristics differ for healthcare staff who care for elderly than those who look after the general population. The elderly medical staffs are slow-tempered, very patients, more stoic and reflective. They were tolerant to monotony, were able to predict older patients behavior even when they were not able to speak, and they had a systematic way of working. They had a very optimistic attitude, and their performances were not affected by risky situations. They had the capability to handle different situations, and they are more confident in situations of danger and uncertainty (Ri chter et al., 2012). Elderly care is an important department in health care, but nurses enrolled in the care of older patients are not given much recognition. This has an impact on registered nurse turnover, and the aim of the study was to change this trend. If people have a better understanding of why nurse work in elderly care, then the trend can change. Therefore, the focus was on making the new enrolled nurse realize the meaning of working in elderly care. For the research about 15 registered nurses working in a nursing home in the year 2013 and 2015 respectively were interviewed and the data was analyzed using interpretive methods. It was found that views of nurse changed with time when asked about the meaning of work with elderly. Earlier nurse defined the obstacle to working, but now they described the new opportunities while treating such patients. The study concluded that nurses belief determine whether they will continue to work with elderly or not. Therefore, this research managed to change th e view of nurses about caring for the nurse. It could modify the trend of elderly health care as the low status department (Blomberg et al., 2013). 1. From the literature reviewed on working with elderly, it can be concluded that dealing with the elderly patient is a challenge. Health care staff faces various challenges inefficient health care delivery due to climatic hazards, vulnerability to risk, poor infrastructure, etc. The Older patients are weak and have more risk of adverse outcomes in treatment. Due to demographic changes major countries face issues of aging population. In the future, more health care staff will be needed to look after them. Therefore, it will become necessary for a nurse to be prepared for those challenges and develop their personalities accordingly. Functional status of people decline due to aging, and health care staff plays a role in addressing their operational needs as efficiently as possible (Ericson Lidman et al., 2013). From one of the research, we saw that this sector of health care was neglected earlier. But seeing the issues of aging population worldwide it can be concluded that elderly c are will be in demand, and so nurse who enters this department will get great opportunity to develop their career (Barnett et al., 2012). 2. The initial literature review on three studies based on work with elderly gave me the idea to carry out further research on this topic. I got the idea that elderly care is a crucial sector therefore further research could be done on the best ways to train health care staff on efficient delivery treatment methods. A lot is dependent on their attitude towards working with elderly. So developing expertise in handling such patients will be beneficial in the future (Birren et al., 2014). 3. Based on the above reflection on initial literature review, the key areas of research will be regarding developing competency in nurse, especially in elderly care. The negative issue of health care staff might adversely affect care. So nursing training according to clinical demands is needed. Organization needs to recruit people with good interpersonal skills, and those individuals should be selected who have greater experience in caring for elderly. The nursing board should recognize older people's nursing as a different specialty (Brownie Nancarrow, 2013). 4. The research finding will have great implications for future practice in health care organization. The key areas of development related to theoretical education aging and quality of clinical experience will influence people's career. Therefore identifying theory-practice gaps and efficient delivery of elderly care will bring the better outcome for a patient. Change in ways of care and systematic structures care will be beneficial for development of health care services (Cameron et al., 2012). Reference Barnett, K., Mercer, S. W., Norbury, M., Watt, G., Wyke, S., Guthrie, B. (2012). Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study.The Lancet,380(9836), 37-43. Birren, J. E., Lubben, J. E., Rowe, J. C., Deutchman, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).The concept and measurement of quality of life in the frail elderly. Academic Press. Blomberg, K., James, I., Kihlgren, A. (2013). Meanings over time of working as a nurse in elderly care.The open nursing journal,7(1). Brownie, S., Nancarrow, S. (2013). Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities: a systematic review.Clinical interventions in Aging,8, 1. Cameron, I. D., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Murray, G. R., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., Kerse, N. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,12. Ericson Lidman, E., Norberg, A., Persson, B., Strandberg, G. (2013). Healthcare personnels experiences of situations in municipal elderly care that generate troubled conscience.Scandinavian journal of caring sciences,27(2), 215-223. Oven, K. J., Curtis, S. E., Reaney, S., Riva, M., Stewart, M. G., Ohlemller, R., ... Holden, R. (2012). Climate change and health and social care: Defining future hazard, vulnerability and risk for infrastructure systems supporting older peoples health care in England.Applied Geography,33, 16-24. Richter, J., strm, S., Isaksson, U. (2012). Personality Characteristics of Staff in Elderly CareA Cross-Cultural Comparison.Issues in mental health nursing,33(2), 96-100.

Google Company Analysis

Table of Contents Introduction Google leadership Google products and services The current position Google SWOT analysis Financial status References Introduction Google is a company which started as a research project for two Ph. D students in 1996. Google is a company that was founded on September 4, 1998. This company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin who were at that time students at the Stanford University. The company name was derived from a spelling error of the word â€Å"googol,† which means 10100.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Google Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that Google is a search engine which is used by the internet users to locate information from the World Wide Web. The company’s headquarters are located in Mountain View, California. As a company, Google has grown rapidly since 1998. This growth has provided the company with capital wh ich has translated in remarkable expansion that has been observed. Currently, Google is a publicly held corporation. As per the records dated December 31, 2008, the company had full time employees totaling to 20,222. The company’s initial public offering took place on august 24, 2004. This resulted in raising $ 1.67 billion, which implied that the company’s approximate stood at $23 billion. Currently, the company stands as one of the powerful and reputable brands across the globe. Today, this company continues to grow as it has been indicated by its growth in terms of stock. Essentially, from an initial price of $100 per share, the share price grew to $500 in 2008. This company is ranked as one of the five most reputable sites on the web. In the US, the company is raked as number one, among other countries. Essentially, this company attracts over 40 million users every month. This company has grown as an advertising company. Essentially, the company generated revenues worth $16 billion in 2007. Google leadership Just like another organization, Google depends on its leadership to steer the company in the direction which is in line with the company’s vision and objectives. The top leadership is made up of a board of directors and executive officers. The board of directors is made up off the following members; Larry page Eric Schmidt Sergey Brin Doerr John Green Diane Hennerssy John Otellini Paul Shriram Ram Tilghman Shirley. The executive officers is made up ofAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Schmidt Eric Larry Page Sergey Brin Arora Nikesh Drummond David Pichette Patrick. Google products and services Google has established itself as a popular online search engine. Due to rapid technological advancement, the company has been forced to come up with new ideas regarding some of the services and projects that it offers. Essentially , Google has taken up an innovation approach which has evolved it into a software company which has gradually threatened the Microsoft dominance. The company has quietly been launching products which have gained prominence in the information technology world. Some of the products that Google has successfully launched include desktop search; Gmail; software to manage, edit, and send digital photos; and programs for creating, editing and posting documents. Google’s core business is the internet search engine. As a company, it has established several services which have been used by online users to get their work done. For instance, the Google groups is a service which enables the users to search newsgroups, while at the same time host mailing lists. The company launched Google video in 2006 which offers the users to search as well as view video content online. In addition, this offers television companies to cast their shows on CBS, NBA music and games. Essentially, videos whic h are offered through this media are protected by Google’s digital management system which monitors operations on the Google site. Google has also utilized the satellite technology to come up with Google maps which has enabled users to locate their direction anywhere on earth. This service has been accompanied by ad on devices which enable a user to be able to know exactly what happens within a given location for instance, crime rates or specific locations such as gas stations. The Gmail service generates revenue through or by displaying advertisements. In summary, Google offers the following services, Froogle, Google answers, Google catalogues, Google groups, Google image search, Google labs, Google news, Google special searches, Google university search, Google web directory, Google web search and Google wireless.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Google Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current position Currently, Google is the search engine leader. Google has been ranked by bodies such as NPD to be the most effective search engine. Among other search engines. Google – approximately 150 million searches per day Inktomi – approximately 80 million searches per day Alta Vista – approximately 50 million searches per day Direct Hit – approximately 20 million searches per day Fast – approximately 12 million searches per day Galaxy – approximately 100, 000 visitors per day Google has claimed that it has been able to attain its targets through utilizing a unique combination of software and hardware of advanced and superior technology. Currently Google plans to capture more users. This has been exhibited by ensuring that it has been able to penetrate other markets across the globe such as China. Essentially, Google indexes more than 60 languages on its pages. Google SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis is a technique which is used to establish the prospects and the potential threats of a company. In this case, SWOT analysis enables an organization to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that it faces. This enables the organization to be able to gain an understanding as to how it can place itself in the market. In the case of Google, the company has got the following strengths. First, the Google search engine is readily accessible in most places across the globe. The speed of the search engine gives it an edge in the industry against other search engines. In addition, it has been able to integrate several languages thus enabling users from diverse backgrounds to be able to use it. The strategy which the management has employed at the company has enabled the company to always come up with new projects which have gained market share with time. Some of the weaknesses which Google has faced include the inability for a user to distinguish between good content and content that may not be good. This implies that the company has faced a major challenge when it comes to verifying the credibility of information that it gets. This has predisposed some of the products and information found to be subject to manipulation by the users. In addition, despite the fact that the company has come up with many products many of them are not known by the users. Some of the opportunities which this company has include the fact that the technological boom has boosted the company’s ability to innovate.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Google’s ability to acquire other companies such as YOUTUBE has opened up more opportunities for it to explore. Furthermore, the company has a huge user base which enables it to get a market edge over other competitors. Lastly the threats which are faced by this company include the fact that it faces stiff competition from other search engines like Yahoo and Bing. Furthermore, it has not been able to fully penetrate in other market areas such as Russia and China. Other emerging threats include the emerging trends which the company has to contend with. Recent new items As a company which is in the information sector, Google has been working towards establishing links and coming up with new products and services to match the growing demand. From the 2011 financial review Google had outstanding revenue of $ 10.58 billion. The company has expanded its operations by opening new branches in other parts of the world in order to meet the rising demand on quality and innovative produc ts. As a consequence of opening up new markets, the company has increased its employee base. For instance, in Europe the employee base has grown up to 72 percent. Due to the company culture associated with Google, employees are required to commit 20 percent of their time in coming up with new products. As a consequence of this, the company has been able to come up with better versions of services such as enhanced ability to get products on the mobile, the ability to translate texts from one language to another and the ability to obtain scholarly articles for the scholars who find it necessary to use Google. Financial status As a company, Google’s financial status is healthy. This is based on the increased revenue ever since it was listed as a corporate company. It is worth noting that Google has grown financially due to the rising demand of quality internet services. This has bolstered its capacity to increase its revenue and come up with new services and products. The Google company incomes from 2002 to 2006 indicate a steady growth informs of a promising growth capacity. Annual Income Statement ($ in Millions) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Sales $440 $1,466 $3,189 $6,139 $10,605 Cost Of Goods 132 626 1,458 2,572 4,225 Gross Profit $308 $840 $1,732 $3,567 $6,380 Selling Administrative Depr. Amort Expenses 122 498 612 1,460 2,830 Income After Depreciation Amortization $186 $342 $1,120 $2,107 $3,550 Non-Operating Income 0 4 -470 34 461 Interest Expense 2 0 0 0 0 Pretax Income $185 $347 $650 $2,142 $4,011 Income Taxes 85 241 251 676 934 Net Income $100 $106 $399 $1,465 $3,077 Depreciation Footnote Income Before Depreciation Amortization 215 398 2,401 2,401 4,122 Depreciation Amortization (Cash Flow) 29 55 148 294 572 Income After Depreciation Amortization $186 $342 $1,120 $2,107 $3,550 Earnings Per Share Data (EPS not in millions) Average Shares 0.00 0.00 272.78 291.87 309.55 Diluted EPS Befo re Non-Recurring Items 0.00 0.00 2.75 5.21 9.78 Diluted Net EPS 0.00 0.00 1.46 5.02 9.94 References Busby, M. (2003). Learn Google. Texas: Wordware Publishing, Inc. Duthel, H. (2008). Google Inc. Services – Google Tools – What is Google? New York: Lulu.com. Flamholtz, E., Yvinne, R. (2011). Corporate Culture:The Ultimate Strategic Asset. California: Stanford University Press. Stross, R. (2008). Planet Google:one company’s audacious plan to organize everything we know. New York: Simon and Schuster. This report on Google Company Analysis was written and submitted by user Coen Carrillo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Prufrock As A Representative Modern Man

â€Å"A great poet in writing of himself writes his own age† – said T.S. Eliot. This statement is equally applicable for him. His poems are deeply influenced by his age. Eliot is a poet of 20th century and it is an accepted fact that â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a poem of modern age. For the readers Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and importance of a modern man. In this Eliot illustrates the frustrations and disillusionment of a modern man through images and symbols which are very precise and compact. He sketches Prufrock as a product as well as a victim of modern society who is trapped in a predicament by his own personal inadequacies. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is not really a traditional love poem, though love is the underlying theme here. In traditional love poems, there is a spontaneous outburst of love. Whereas in Eliot’s â€Å"The Love† is the loneliness, indecisiveness, hesitation, cowardice and irresolution of a man who belongs to the modern society become obvious. The poem starts with an invitation to go with Prufrock. Here actually Prufrock invites his â€Å"other half† along with him. A big city is a big crowd and a big crowd is a big loneliness. This is the main drawback of modern society and Prufrock being one of the victims of that represents the loneliness of a modern man. In order to get rid of his solitariness Prufrock makes himself his companion. â€Å"Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherised upon a table;† Prufrock is a neurotic character who is troubled with an â€Å"over-whelming quest†. He is too confused with his attitude towards love and is unable to take any decisive action. His puzzling mind sees the yellow fog and compares it with a cat that makes a sudden leap but like him it is reluctant to take any further action and rests asleep. He indecisively cycles a round even the smallest of concern. â€Å"A... Free Essays on Prufrock As A Representative Modern Man Free Essays on Prufrock As A Representative Modern Man â€Å"A great poet in writing of himself writes his own age† – said T.S. Eliot. This statement is equally applicable for him. His poems are deeply influenced by his age. Eliot is a poet of 20th century and it is an accepted fact that â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a poem of modern age. For the readers Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and importance of a modern man. In this Eliot illustrates the frustrations and disillusionment of a modern man through images and symbols which are very precise and compact. He sketches Prufrock as a product as well as a victim of modern society who is trapped in a predicament by his own personal inadequacies. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is not really a traditional love poem, though love is the underlying theme here. In traditional love poems, there is a spontaneous outburst of love. Whereas in Eliot’s â€Å"The Love† is the loneliness, indecisiveness, hesitation, cowardice and irresolution of a man who belongs to the modern society become obvious. The poem starts with an invitation to go with Prufrock. Here actually Prufrock invites his â€Å"other half† along with him. A big city is a big crowd and a big crowd is a big loneliness. This is the main drawback of modern society and Prufrock being one of the victims of that represents the loneliness of a modern man. In order to get rid of his solitariness Prufrock makes himself his companion. â€Å"Let us go then, you and I, When the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherised upon a table;† Prufrock is a neurotic character who is troubled with an â€Å"over-whelming quest†. He is too confused with his attitude towards love and is unable to take any decisive action. His puzzling mind sees the yellow fog and compares it with a cat that makes a sudden leap but like him it is reluctant to take any further action and rests asleep. He indecisively cycles a round even the smallest of concern. â€Å"A...

Roles of State and Federal Governments in employment Regulation Essay

Roles of State and Federal Governments in employment Regulation - Essay Example The employee is protected from employers whose tendency, as business people, is to try to maximize their profits by engaging their employees more and more in the work. Some of the employees are also protected from their employers due to their vulnerability and special need which may make the employers to discriminate against them. The real estate industry in California, like many other industries, is affected by most of the laws and regulations that govern employment. The labor act called the Labor Code in California is one law that affect the whole employment exercise and shows the direction of the services that should be availed to the employees. Some of the articles in this act which touch real estate includes, the payment of wages for the various categories of labor, working hours for laborers, agricultural labor relations, employees’ occupational privileges and restrictions, suits involving employers and labor unions, farm labor contractors, sanitary conditions, safety measures and other health provisions in the places of work and so on (Guerin, 2006). Real estate employs different categories of workers like janitors, estate managers, seasonal laborers such as repairers and others. One law of importance in the employment of these groups of people is found in SECTION 1060-1065 defines a contractor and subcontractors and other terms relating to contracts and how they are to be awarded. Section 1020-1024 of the California labor code which revolves around person employing people who have no contractor’s license to do a job for which such license is needed, misrepresenting an employee as an independent contractor in order to evade tax and other provisions that involve contractors and their obligations. Section 250-257 also has provisions for payment and wages of people hired in California but work in other states and the dispute resolution arising from such cases. Then sections 1400 -1408 talks

Deism as a Worldview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Deism as a Worldview - Essay Example divine revelations and holy books of revealed religion. Essentially, through the use of Reason, a belief in God is determined by the observation of the order and complexity found in nature and our own personal experiences of nature. The nature of God has been a point of contention for Deism because it has been defined as a religion that acknowledges a specific nature of God but in actuality it does not and leaves it up to the individual Deist to determine what they believe that nature to be. Overall, Deism is not a hard concept to understand as Deists use Reason and rational thought to develop their view on God, morals and life. [3] History : Deistic thinking has existed since ancient times (e.g., in philosophers such as Heraclitus and most especially Plato, who envisaged God as the Demiurge or 'craftsman') and in many cultures. The word Deism is generally used to refer to the movement toward natural theology or freethinking that occurred in 17th-century Europe, and specifically in Britain. Natural theology is a facet of the revolution in world view that occurred in Europe in the 17th century.[4] The 17th century saw a remarkable advance in scientific knowledge: the scientific revolution. The work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo destroyed the old notion that the earth was the center of the universe and showed that the universe was incredibly larger than ever imagined. These discoveries posed a serious challenge to biblical authority and to the religious authorities, Galileo's condemnation for heresy being an especially visible example. In consequence, the Bible came to be seen as authoritative on matters of faith and morals but no longer authoritative (or meant... Deistic thinking has existed since ancient times and in many cultures. The word Deism is generally used to refer to the movement toward natural theology or freethinking that occurred in 17th-century Europe, and specifically in Britain. Natural theology is a facet of the revolution in a worldview that occurred in Europe in the 17th century. The 17th century saw a remarkable advance in scientific knowledge: the scientific revolution. The work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo destroyed the old notion that the earth was the center of the universe and showed that the universe was incredibly larger than ever imagined. These discoveries posed a serious challenge to biblical authority and to the religious authorities, Galileo's condemnation for heresy being an especially visible example. In consequence, the Bible came to be seen as authoritative on matters of faith and morals but no longer authoritative (or meant to be) on matters of science. Isaac Newton's discovery of universal gravitati on explained the behavior both of objects here on earth and of objects in the heavens. It promoted a worldview in which the natural universe is controlled by laws of nature. This, in turn, suggested a theology in which God created the universe, set it in motion controlled by natural law, and retired from the scene. The new awareness of the explanatory power of universal natural law also produced a growing skepticism about such religious staples as miracles (i.e., violations of natural law) and about books, such as the Bible, that reported them.