Detection of Copy Move Forgery

detection of Copy Move counterfeitJ.Reethrose B.E., Dr. J. P. Ananth M.E., Ph.D.,AbstractDigital films be easy to manipulate and edit victimisation some redaction softw are. So it is arduous to identify the duplicate public figures. Copy-move manipulations are common form of local processing, where constituents of an delineation are copied and reinserted into another part of the same construe. The worry of detecting the write-move forgery describes an efficient and reliable detection and detects duplicate image expanses. Most detection algorithm foc employ on pixel basis. In this news report propose a new approach to detect forgery image such scale, rotate, etc.Keywordscopy-move forgery, tense, LSH, RANSAC.INTRODUCTIONCopy-move forgery is one of image tampering, were a part of the image is copied and pasted on another part of the same image. This copy-move forgery is easily done by some editing software such as Adobe Photoshop. Normally the human eye does not easily find let on the copied region. The regions may be scaling or rotation type of manipulations. The address of copy-move forgery is detecting duplicate image regions. The most common image manipulation techniques involve the followingRemoval of objects from the image.Addition of objects in the image.Change the objects behavior in the image.The most common of these three manipulations is removal of undesired objects from the image. Digital image forgery detection techniques are classified into active and passive approaches. In active approach, the digital image requires some pre-processing such as watermark embedding or signature generation at the time of creating the image, which would limit of their application in practice. Moreover, there are millions of digital images in internet with erupt digital signature or watermark. In such scenario active approach could not be apply to find the authentication of the image. Unlike the watermark-based and signature-based orders the passi ve technology does not need any digital signature generated or watermark embedded in advance.number 1.1 Classification of Forgery detection techniquesGENERAL DETECTION PROCEDURECopy move manipulations result in duplicate image regions, which practical forensic analyses ascertain in terms of robust own representations of parts of the image. Analyzing the image is very important before the preprocessing. After optional preprocessing (e.g., color to grayscale conversion), the image is transformed to the feature space. Feature representation is finding the duplicate region. There are so many methods used to find the duplicate image such as DCT ( clear-cut Cousine Transform), DWT (Discrete riffle Transform), and PCD (Principal Component Analysis). A set of feature vectors represents local image characteristics and is inspected for correspondingities in a matching mathematical process. This is achieved either by splitting the image into small blocks, which are then transformed separa tely, or by finding salient key points and extracting feature vectors based thereon. The matching procedure is finding the similarity of duplicate image blocks. Some of the matching algorithms are k-d tree, Sorting, Nearest Neighbour Search, and Hashing. Similar feature vectors or their corresponding coordinates in the image plane. False positives in the matching procedure are pruned in a final error reduction step. The error reduction step is finding the duplicate image region.Fig 2.1 General copy move detection pipelinePROPOSED SYSTEMAccordingly, digital image forensics has emerged as a new research field that aims to reveal tampering operations in digital images. A common manipulation in tampering with digital images is known as region duplication, where a continuous portion of pixels is copied and pasted to a diametric location in the same image. To make convincing forgeries, the duplicated regions are often created with geometrical or illumination adjustments. There are variou s method used in the existing system. DWT (Discrete Wave Transform) used to reduce dimensionality reduction. But it does not find the rotation and scaling. Lexicographic Sorting and Counting Bloom Filters are also used in the existing system. But it cannot find solution of scaling and rotation. It does not remove the noise. The Zernike moment is easy way to find the copy (-rotate-) move forgery. This method is still weak against scaling or the other tempering based on Affine transform. Existing System has the drawback of computational complexness and does not find accuracy of the duplicate image regions.In recent years, several methods have been proposed to detect region duplication for the purpose of image forensics. These methods are based on finding pixel blocks that are exact copies of each other in an image. Such methods are most effective for the detection of region copy-move, where a region of pixels is pasted with step to the fore any change to another location in the image. A common form of digital tampering is Copy-Move forgery, in which a part of the image itself is copied and pasted into another part of the same image to conceal an important object. Because the copied part come from the same image, its important properties, such as noise, Shape, color and texture, will be compatible with the rest of the image and thus will be more difficult to distinguish and detect.In the preprocessing stage the RGB image is converted into grayscale image. Apply stress algorithm using to find the keypoints. SIFT algorithm is used to detect the keypoint localization. Good keypoints and features should represent distinct locations in an image, be efficient to figure and robust to local geometrical distortion, noise, illumination variations and other degradations. Here, present SIFT features detection method to find the duplicate. Specifically, to detect the locations, of potential duplicated regions, we premier detect SIFT keypoints in an image. The detected key points are matched using hashing algorithm. We can use the matched SIFT keypoints to estimate the affine transform parameters, but the obtained results are wide of the mark due to the large number of mismatched keypoints. To find out the unreliable keypoints we use Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) algorithm then use the Affine transform. in conclusion detect the duplicate region.The following diagram shows the way to find the copy move forgery. Raw image is considered as the forgery image. Normally the raw image is RGB image. That RGB image is converting into gray scale. This is the preprocessing stage. Noise removal also includes the preprocessing stage. The steps involved in proposed method as follows.First step to find out the keypoints using SIFT ( surmount Invariant Feature Transform).Find the keypoints then perform the matching keypoints procedure. Matching keypoints is using the Locality exquisite Hashing (LSH). Matching is easy to find out the hash buckets. This hash is f ound the similar values or keypoints. double up region is detected after matching. Find the duplicate region using the RANSAC (RANdom take Consensus) algorithm.Fig 3.1 Block diagram of forgery detectionA. Finding keypointsIn the preprocessing stage the RGB image is converted into grayscale image. Apply SIFT algorithm for finding the keypoints. SIFT algorithm consist of the following stagesScale-space extrema detectionKeypoint localizationOrientation assignmentGeneration of keypoint descriptorsGood keypoints and features should represent distinct locations in an image, be efficient to compute and robust to local geometrical distortion, illumination variations, noise and other degradations. Here, to present a new region duplication detection methods based on the image SIFT features. Specifically, to detect the locations, of potential duplicated regions, first detect SIFT keypoints in an image. And compute the SIFT features for such keypoints. To ensure the obtained feature vector inv ariant to rotation and scaling, the size of the neighborhood is determined by the dominant scale of the keypoint, and all gradients within are aligned with the keypoints dominant orientation dominant orientation.B. Matching keypointsThe similar keypoints can be found out using Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) technique. Previous year a k-d tree algorithm used to detect the keypoint. This is interpreted more time search to compute the similar values. Locality Sensitive Hashing easy to detect the similar values. Locality-sensitive hashing(LSH) is a method of performing probabilisticdimension reductionof high-dimensional data. The basic desire is tohashthe input items so that similar items are mapped to the same buckets with high probability (the number of buckets being much smaller than the universe of possible input items). This is different from the conventional hash functions, such as those used incryptographyas in this case the goal is to maximize probability of collision of simi lar items rather than avoid collisions.C. Duplicate RegionRANSAC algorithm used to detect the error. This means SIFT produce the keypoints then Locality Sensitive Hashing used to find the similar keypoints. Locality Sensitive Hashing has the bucket. Each bucket contains the index that index contain the values of keypoints. RANSAC algorithm reduces the error. Instead of RANSAC using the Affine transformation. So it will easily to find out the error of scale, rotation and transformation of copy move forgery detection.CONCLUSIONIn particular the human eye does not easily find out the copied region. The regions may be scaling or rotation type of manipulations. The goal of copy-move forgery is detecting duplicate image regions. Copy move forgery is difficult to identify the duplicate image region. SIFT is used to detect the keypoints of given image. SIFT is Scale Invariant Feature Transform. So it focused to detect the Scale and transformation. Good keypoints and features should represen t distinct locations in an image, be efficient to compute and robust to local geometrical distortion, illumination variations, noise and other degradations. Here, we present a new region duplication detection method based on the image SIFT features. Locality Sensitive Hashing detects the similar keypoints. Finally RANSAC algorithm used to find the duplicate image region.REFERENCE1 Rohini. R. Maind, Alka Khade, D. K. Chitre Robust run across Copy move Forgery Detection International Journal of Advanced and Innovative research (IJAIR) ISSN 2278-7844, Vol. 2, Issue 8, 2013.2 Yanjun Cao, Tiegang Gao , Li Fan , Qunting Yang A robust detection algorithm for copy-move forgery in digital images Forensic Science International 214 (2012).3 Reza Oji An Automatic Algorithm for Object Recognition and Detection Based On ASIFT Keypoints Signal Image Processing An International Journal (SIPIJ) Vol.3, No.5, October 2012.4 Pradyumna Deshpande, Prashasti Kanikar, Pixel Based Digital Image Forgery D etection Techniques International Journal of Engineering research and Applications (IJERA) Vol-2, Issue 3, May-June 2012.5 B.L.Shivakumar, Dr. S.Santhosh Baboo, Automated Forensic Method for Copy-Move Forgery Detection based on Harris Interest Points and SIFT Descriptors International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 27 No.3, August 20116 Xunyu Pan and Siwei Lyu, Detecting Image Region Duplication Using Sift Features IEEE, ICASSP, Dallas, USA 2010.7 Seung-Jin Ryu, Min-Jeong Lee, and Heung-Kyu Lee, Detection of Copy-Rotate Move Forgery Using Zernike Moments International company on Information Hiding 2010.8 Saiqa Khan, Arun Kulkarni, Reduced Time Complexity for Detection of Copy-Move Forgery Using Discrete Wavelet Transform International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 6 No.7, September 2010.9 Sevinc Bayram, Husrev Taha Sencar, Nasir Memon, An Efficient and Robust Method for Detecting Copy-Move Forgery International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 2009.10 Tehseen Shahid, Atif Bin Mansoor Copy-Move Forgery Detection Algorithm for Digital Images and a New Accuracy Metric International Journal of new-fashioned Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 2, November 2009.11 Aristides gionis, piote indyk, Rajeev motwani Similarity search in high dimension via hashing 1999.12 Prof. Unmukh Datta, Chetna Sharma Analysis of Copy-Move Image Forgery Detection International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (IJARCSEE) Volume 2, Issue 8, August 201313 Frank Y. Shih and Yuan Yuan A Comparison Study on Copy-Cover Image Forgery Detection The Open Artificial Intelligence Journal, 2010, 4, 49-54 49

The Negative Impacts Of Cell Phones English Language Essay

The Negative Impacts Of Cell Phones English Language EssayI drive with my knees. Otherwise, how screwing I sic on my lipstick and colloquy on my headphone? Sharon Stone. In 1973, the first prison stall phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper in the United States of America. By the mid of 2009, the cell phone usage exploited to almost all-around the world. Today, mobile phone is a necessary device which allows user to make phone calls from any coverage distance. In addition, it provide many services including, SMS or text messages, e-mail, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth, infr atomic number 18d, camera, MP3 player, radio, TV, and GPS.For many years it has been widely acknowledged that while cell phones make our life convenient, it has many disadvantages. However, still many people continue to ignore the negative consequences of cell phone, and they excessively enjoy the benefits. Teenagers argon group of elevated subscriptions of mobile users. According to Disney Mobile surv ey cell phones usage among 10-17 year- ageds jumps by much than an hour a day to more than three hours and 45 minutes. The polling of more than 1,500 teens and pre-teens found that 44 percent use text messages and phone call as their primary function of communication (Diaz). A cell phone can tend to change relationships negative and can lead to some dangerous liaisons. The p bents should recommend teens from over use of cell phone because it wastes their beat, it couples their guardianship, and it facilitates private communication for them.Teenagers contact to mobile phone wasting teenagers timeMobile or cellular phone is a huge time wasting machine for teenagers. If we look at some teenagers, they are often have goting busy on cell phones. Some of them are text communicate and making phone calls, and some others are using pass on features of mobile phone, including Bluetooth, IMs and GPRS. Phone calls among teenagers are a usual case. They spend an extensive time talkin g to their peers. Many mobile phone users film that one of the main advantages of mobile ownership is the ability to contact friend or family in case of emergency. I would say this is the main reason we keeps the cell phones with us. However, in afghanistan and some other countries, teenagers use mobile phone not incisively because of emergency cases, but they using it because of entertainment. A large number of Afghan teenagers made a well-disposed network who keep connect via radio program. For example, a teenage boy call to particular radio program, after receiving a warm greeting by the radio operator he call his name and leaves his message to his group members. Finally, he FARMAISH his favorite song to his one and more group members. Most of the times, the contact number of the radio channel is busy by a lot of phone calls of teens. A large number of teens keep trying in order to permit connected to the station.Text messaging is another row of time wasting among teenagers . Nowadays, text messaging is dominant form of communication among teenagers. In Afghanistan, viewers of TVs are able to vote for their favorite performance through text messaging. Moreover, a large group of Afghan teens are daily massaging to TV channels for FARMISH their favorite song to become broadcast on the TV.Mobile phones have changed dramatically over the past years. The new advanced feature of WAP and GPRS in the handset allows the user to connect to the net income. A large number of teens are using different types of IMs- Skype, Yahoo, MSN, and Google talk in their handsets. Moreover, teens using internet browser in their mobile phone so they can get access to social network sites, and download their favorite pictures and music. In Afghanistan, the Afghan piano tuner talk Company (AWCC) is providing internet connection in the blackberry handsets. The posthumousst technology, blackberry handsets, allow user to send and receives e-mails from any part of the country wher e in that respect antenna coverage is exist. Additionally, the mobile applications itself is getting teenagers attention. For example, Bluetooth, video game, MP3 player, camera, radio, and even T.V in cellular phones is attracts teenagers attention, and keeps them activity involved in cell phone.Cell phones causes span attention in adolescenceSpan attention in teenagers, is another major problem which results over use of cell phones. Cell phone is a rooster which keeps teenagers from social contact with their family and peers. Parents in one case found children simpler to over passed hours at a desktop computer. Now, so much of that happens on a slim electronic device with a very small screen. They are engaged with both oral uses (phoning) and text-based uses (text messaging). Therefore, most of teens lost their social contact with family members, and some other reduces the opportunities to develop their social fundamental interaction with peers. Today, as result of cell phone inv olvement, a large number of teens feel anxiety and isolated among the people.For most teenagers it is difficult to concentrate on studies, because their avocation is more to cell phone than to their school works. Obviously, being a student needs a lot of effort to get done with assignments and quizzes, but once a student receives a phone call or text message while he or she is studying at home, the student get involve to mobile phone, resulting losing tightness. Today, junior and senior at high school are involve in mobile phones. A number of teens-cell phone users are likely to be woken at night by incoming text messages or calls, and are therefore more likely to be tired and slight able to focus on their study throughout the day. According to a report released by the Pew Internet and American Life Project, a extensive number of adolescents have slept with their cellphone in or near their bed. Some keep it under the pillow, to awaken for late-night texts. Others use the built-in alarm to wake up (Large, Andrew). Cell phone can prevent students for being discipline, and resulting low grades at their tests.Strongly involvement in pornography at mobile devices is another span attention among teenagers. Nowadays, most cell phones having Bluetooth option which enables teens to transfer porn movie clips to each other handsets and watch them DAR YAGAN GOSHA. The sexting phenomenon the taking and sending of intimate photos of oneself on a cellphone has made headlines overseas and it is representing teens involvement in mobile phone. A lot of youths dont realize that it is a permanent record if it gets on the internet, said Steve OBrien, of the section of Internal Affairs censorship compliance unit. At their age they think theyre bulletproof . . . But, these are things that will possibly come back to haunt their concentration (qtd. In New Zealand Herald).Cell phones help teens in private communicationBesides time wasting and spans teens attention, mobile phone is also a tool for facilitating private communication among teenagers. Nowadays, cell phone is one of the major issues in Afghanistan. Since Afghanistan is an Islamic country and there is less right for teens to go outside of home, a great number of them are using cell phone as a suitable device for keeping connect to outside. As a client service advisor at AWCC, a mobile company in Afghanistan, I have experienced the strong connection among afghan teenagers and the thumb-typed keypad. The cellphone is a much more private way of interacting, and I think thats one thing that teens love about it said Amir Zia Sangin, Afghan Minister of Communication and Information Technology (Rahmani). We have experienced a large number of teens talking on the phone for almost 70-100 minutes each night. Even the node service advisors who majority of them were under age 20, were actively involved in talking to girls on the phone. Roshan Telecommunication Company, another mobile company in Afghanistan , launched a marketing campaign this week for its phone calls. Basta Yaraan, friends package, is a pear of sim cards which enable friends to talk for 10 Afs at first dial. Once connected, they can talk for free till 6 hours. This feature is enabling only after 12 p.m. every night. Hence, this is a good opportunity for adolescents who can keep their activated contact almost for free. Since phone industries are trying to sell their products, they do not mind whether it is used in proper way or just miss use out of it. They facilitate communication among teenagers rather than destroying it. It doesnt make them avoid people they use it to meet up (Hartevelt).Text massaging is another form of private communication among teens. It is much easy and private way of maintain communication with friends and lovers. For example, if your leaven is next to you, you might have use text messaging to keep contact with your boyfriend or girl friend. Vodafone spokeswoman Libby Hay said, about 470 mil lion text messages were sent by under 19 years old boys and girls on its network last month (Clapperton, Guy). Mobile phone is a harmful process among teenagers, and it possible for the government to limit mobile use among teenager who has using it for recreational. The question might have raised that why it is impossible when a government have attempted to discourage people from smoking by banning all cigarette advertising. This strategy could be applied to mobile phones as well that rule out mobile phone companies from targeting the younger generation.In conclusion, the cell phone has not only wasting teenagers time, but it also destroy them mentally and physically. It is parents responsibility to recommend their children for not over wasting their time on the phone. It is parents responsibility to stay in touch with their children to keep them track that they should only use mobile phones for essential calls, not for overuse which results drives children attention. It is also pa rents responsibility to establish rules on cell phone use. They can keep track children call history and require them to turn cell phones off at night. Moreover, parent can keep teens in a common area rather than allowing them to take mobile into their rooms, where they can talk or text message late at the night. While teens love cell phones, moms and dads can get burned by buying for them. So it has been left to parents to decide whether they want their children to be more productive or let them over use their valuable time on mobile, destruct their mind, and let them maintain their private communications.Lets hope the parents understand this

Compaction for Sustainability: Advantages and Disadvantages

Compaction for Sustainability Advantages and DisadvantagesIn exposeed countries, sustainable development has become increasingly important due to adjoind public ken and pressure to meet demand from population proceeds. urban Form is defined by (RTPI, 2015) as Physical characteristics that make up build-up beas, much(prenominal) as shape, sizing and constriction. It can be classified into quaternary categories Centralisation, Decentralisation, Concentration and Sprawl(Holden, 2004). Compaction (Centralisation and concentration) has been an EU policy since 1992 hence most European cities are densely populated. The aim is to develop sustainability which is defined by the Brundt bring Commission as Meeting the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. This can be considered from four dimensions Economic, Social, Natural and Political (UNESCO, 2010). The essay bequeath first focus on the advantages and disadvantages of jam in relation to different dimensions of sustainability, then focus on election forms. Finally, concluding the best option and consider future challenges.Compaction will expediency cities economically due to the agglomeration effect where the concentration of firms allow them to benefit from the economies of get over hence reducing the cost of operation and the infrastructure cost. Also, it encourages to a greater extent specialisation as high density has higher demand which allows more division of cut into (Tejvan, 2012). This means the population would have access to a wider range of services and job opportunities, hence more likely to receive a more tested income and become economically sustainable. A compact city will make public transport more attractive as there is a higher demand and usage which allow prices to be more affordable and higher frequency services to be run. This will increase accessibility which allows access to more job opportunities and essential servi ces (RTPI, 2015).Socially, more people vivacious closer together means that there is a higher chance that people are meeting with each early(a) and communicate hence the chance of social exclusion is hackd and allow accumulation of social capital (Bramley et al., 2009).However, results from the survey provoke that medium density (Terraced Housing) is the best for social interaction. A higher density will have a negative effect. Compact living encourages mixed overthrow use hence people would have easier access to services and job opportunities which will increase the quality of life and cleanse social sustainability. Finally, with reduced business volume as car ownership reduces, safety for pedestrians has increased especially with pedestrianisation schemes of centres making them vibrant again. Urban sprawl has been the strategy in most UK cities mingled with the 1970s and 90s with the focus on out of town development (Williams, 2014).As economic and business growth contradi cts with environmental sustainability, therefore activities have to be adjust by the government through legislation and documents such as Planning Policy Guidance (PPG). The three main arguments of environmental sustainability are related to land use, muscularity use and pipeline quality. Land use will reduce by increasing density through building on brownfield sites so the countryside is protected. In 1947, the Green Belt is introduced as part of the Town and Country Planning Act and PPG2 which allows local authorities to set areas where development is prohibited on the fringe of towns and cities. By 2010, around 13% of land in England is Green Belt (Communities and Local Government, 2010). Another supportive reason is the air quality will improve because of compaction mainly due to reduced car ownership as people will traveling less with services close to where they resist and work. vim cost and consumption are estimated to be reduced as a result of denser living.However, th ere are a lot of argument and findings which suggest the benefit of compaction is over-emphasised. Because of the green belt, sign prices have been unaffordable for many younger generation and lower income household. According to Halifax Bank since 1983, UK house prices has risen by 101% and 124% in London after taking into account of inflation (The Investor, 2012). The pressure to build more homes can be seen through the increase in approved intend permission to build on the green belt which rises from 2300 in 2009-10 to 12,000 in 2014-15 (Booth, 2017). The increase in house prices means that houses are segregated by income. Gentrification in the city centre can be seen in most UK cities where new houses are targeted for investors or the young affluent. spate with lower income are forced to live in terrace housing outside of the city which are deprived and highly segregated by ethnic minorities which are both economically and socially unsustainable. The Green Belt also force dev elopment to occur outside it hence increasing urban sprawl(Mace et al., 2016). For example, a lot of people commute from areas such as Redhill and Horsham which are just outside the Metropolitan Green Belt. This is not good in terms of reducing land use. Finally, government focus on compaction means that rural areas are left isolated as investment focus on towns and cities(Frey, 2003). Many villages lack basic services such as post office as more people move into cities, there is not enough demand to keep them operating.Compaction is also associated with an increase in stress level which will lead to poorer social ties in communities. The ease of access to shops and services means that time spent in the friendship is reduced and poorer safety perception due to distrust of neighbours and presence of more people. Hence (Bramley et al., 2009) found that residential satisfaction is low in compacted areas which is not socially sustainable.As the land value increases in the city centre, this means the availability of green spaces is at a premium hence environmental quality will decline as most areas will be concrete. Although congestion is reduced is surrounding area, traffic volume in the centre actually increases which means air quality in the city centre is worse and increase chances of respiratory disease (Echenique et al., 2012). Melia et al (2011) suggest the idea of paradox of intensification where doubling the density does not reduce the number of trips by half. For example, Gordon (1997) cited in Melia et al (2011) found that in England that doubling densities only leads to 7% decrease in miles travel to work. This is mainly due to the population increase in the area.Studies have found that compaction might not lead to a reduction in energy use. (Heinonen et al., 2011) found that in Helsinki that CO2 emission is higher in downtown area than suburbs. They conclude that this is due to a higher standard of living in the downtown and the increase in emissions is more than the effect of compaction. These examples suggest the environmental benefits of compaction could be overstated.An alternative urban form which can be considered is polycentric cities which are decentralised but concentrated. This is evolved from Howards idea of the Satellite or Garden City in the early 1900s where a centre city is surrounded by satellite cities which carry around 32,000 people each hence a medium density. These satellite cities are self-contained with services and workplace and connected with other cities by Rail links. It focuses on the symbiotic relationship with nature hence trying to achieve sustainability (Frey, 2003). It is very idealistic and only 2 garden cities were built in the UK which was not very successful as density is too low for self-sufficient economy and services.Another form is the Transit Oriented education (Calthorpe, 1993 cited in Frey, 2003) which based development around a centre with public transport Hub which has rail links wi th a major city. The centre is an area for the familiarity with low rise apartments in centre and terraces further away. Parks will be located further away from the centre. This type of development is also know as corridor growth hence a controlled way to limit urban sprawl and Copenhagens Finger Plan is a good example (see Figure 1). People can live in medium densities towns which have shops and services near the hub and have easy access to the countryside hence a sustainable form. However, the high house prices in the centre is still problematic.According to a study of 114 European Cities by Zoeteman et al (2016). It found that sustainability score of city improves up to 2 trillion inhabitants mainly due to economic sustainability. In cities that are larger than 250,000 people, ecological and social capital reduce. It concludes the ideal size of 100,000-250,000 inhabitants which is a medium density. Therefore, it seems that future growth strategy should focus on developing polyc entric medium density cities which is well connected by Public Transport along with technological innovation to reduce environmental pollution. This is a compromise between a centralised compact city and dispersed development.Current research shows that there is no consensus on whether compaction will benefit socially and environmentally. However, as most governments currently prioritise economic growth, the benefit of agglomeration means that compaction will likely to continue. Ideally, a polycentric net profit of medium density cities will achieve all forms of sustainability the best.Booth, R. 2017. English green belt set to get 360,000 new homes. The Guardian. Online.15 January. Accessed 22 March 2017. easy from https//www.theguardian.com/political relation/2017/jan/15/homes-planned-for-green-belt-have-risen-to-360000-in-englandBramley, G., Dempsey, N., Power, S., Brown, C. and Watkins, D. 2009. Social Sustainability and Urban Form Evidence from Five British Cities. Environment and Planning A. 41(9), pp.2125-2142.Brundtland Commission. 1987. Our Common Future Report of the World Commission on environment and Development. Online. No Place UN. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdfCommunities and Local Government. 2010. Local Planning Authority Green Belt Statistics England 2009/10. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http//www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/lagreenbelt2009Echenique, M.H., Hargreaves, A.J., Mitchell, G. and Namdeo, A. 2012. Growing cities sustainably does urban form really matter? Journal of the American Planning Association. 78(2), pp.121-137.Frey, H. 2003. Designing the city towards a more sustainable urban form. London Routledge.Heinonen, J., Kyr, R. and Junnila, S. 2011. Dense downtown living more carbon intense due to higher consumption a case study of Helsinki. Environmental interrogation Letters. 6(3), p034034.Holden, E. 2004. Ecological footprints and sustainable urban form. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 19(1), pp.91-109.Knowles, R.D. 2012. Transit Oriented Development in Copenhagen, Denmark from the Finger Plan to restad. Journal of Transport Geography. 22, pp.251-261.Mace, A., Blanc, F., Gordon, I. and Scanlon, K. 2016. A 21st Century Metropolitan Green Belt. Online. No place LSE. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.lse.ac.uk/geographyAndEnvironment/research/GreenBelt/Docs/Green%20Belt%20Report.pdfMelia, S., Parkhurst, G. and Barton, H. 2011. The paradox of intensification. Transport Policy. 18(1), pp.46-52.RTPI. 2015. Urban form and Sustainability. Online. No Place Royal Town Planning Institute. Accessed 21 March 2017. Available from http//www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1360966/urban%20form%20and%20sustainability%20briefing.pdfTejvan, P. 2012. Agglomeration economies. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.economicshelp.org/blog/ rub ric/agglomeration-economies/The Investor. 2012. Historical UK house prices. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//monevator.com/historical-uk-house-prices/UNESCO. 2010. Four Dimensions of Sustainable Development. Online. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from http//www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_a/popups/mod04t01s03.htmlWilliams, K. 2014. Urban form and infrstructure a morphologic review. Online. London Government Office for Science. Accessed 22 March 2017. Available from https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/324161/14-808-urban-form-and-infrastructure-1.pdfZoeteman, K.B., Mulder, R., Smeets, R. and Wentink, C. 2016. Towards Sustainable EU Cities A Quantitative Benchmark battlefield of 114 European and 31 Dutch Cities. Online. Tilburg Telos. Available from https//pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/13611754/16142_85537_UvT_EU_Study_3_gecorrigeerd_def_RM_1_.pdf

The Solution is More Discipline, Not Vouchers or School Choice Essay

The Solution is Discipline, Not School Choice Charlie is a problem child by each definition of the word. He hasnt done anything horrific, like shooting another student or attacking a teacher. Its the annoying naughtys he plays that drive everyone crazy. His favorite game is throwing scissors at the chalkboard when the teachers back is turned. He likes the screeching noise he can make if he throws the scissors at just the reform angle. And when he gets caught, he loves cursing at the teacher. His biggest thrill is telling her to mind her own f---ing business while his classmates giggle or snicker. Charlies teacher, Mrs. Anderson, spends her class time foil and powerless to stop Charlies constant disruptive behavior. At first, she looks him in the eye and asks him to stop. Fin each(prenominal)y, she points her index finger toward the door and says, Get out Charlies classmates breathe a suspiration of relief. Mrs. Anderson does not. She knows that tomorrow Charlies father and moth er will storm the principals office demanding that she be fired or reprimanded. Mom and Dad think that Charlies personal rights have been profaned that he has a right to learn and not be disciplined by anyone, except by his own parents. Due to this precedent, Charlie grows up with little educational discipline or accountability. As Charlies parents watch him grow into adulthood, they are forced to admit that their son is actually poorly educated, disrespectful and far from perfect. This story is all too familiar in Americas public schools today. Children in need of discipline have suddenly become the victims and their teachers, the oppressors. As a result, Americas school children are distressingly under-educated and undiscipline... ...wer than 25 in a year. Implementing this change throughout America, especially suburbia, will not be easy. This is where every American must(prenominal) recognize that in gear up to educate all our public school children we must deny a part of ou r own self interest. In order to make the change, Americas parents and politicians must recognize that this greater cause can be public education. Charlies parents, along with many other parents, need to be encouraged to recognize that sometimes a little tough love is in their childs best interest. The next time Charlies parents seek to confront school officials on behalf of their disruptive child, they need to be met with the authorisation of authority. More importantly, Mrs. Anderson should be able to provide a healthy learning environment for all the children, if possible with Charlie, but if necessary, without him.

Different Aspects of Love in Poetry Essay -- Love Poetry Poems Poets E

Different Aspects of Love in PoetryWHAT DO WE LEARN ABOUT DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LOVE FROM POETRY SPANNING A PERIOD OF SEVEREAL HUNDRED long time?We have studied the greatest love poems ever written by men and women.These poets have used poems to emphasise their feelings andexperiences of love and relationship.From these love poems written by famous poets, we find out that loveis a complex subject matter and unalike poets intend to illustratethe aspects of love in their poems.These aspects are categorised into three different sections firstlywe see the joy of love secondly the sexual desires of love andfinally the pain of love.All of these aspects of love come from different periods of time. Thisera includes William Shakespeare-16th Century Donne and Marvell-17thCentury Byron, Wordsworth and Clare-19th Century time of theromantic poets, Barrett Browning and Rossetti-late 19th Century timeof the Victorian poets.The following essay will speak how these poets deal with the aspectsof lo ve and what we learn about different aspects of love from poetryspanning a period of several hundred years.Sonnet 18, written by William Shakespeare (1564-1616). He was anEnglish playwright and a poet, recognised in much of the foundation as thegreatest of all dramatists. Scholars have written thousands of booksand articles about his plots, characters, themes and language. He isthe most widely quoted author in history, and his plays have probablybeen performed more times than those of any other dramatist.=====================================================================Shakespeare was also known for his plays and his sonnets are stillamong the worlds best-loved poems.=======... ...mparing it to positive and individualal things and also believing thatyour love will last forever even after death will signify the confidenceand love that two people shared. In addition I have learnt you can usepersuasive devices to convince your partner to give into your desiresand also the hurt of a loved one or the disappointment of love when itisnt returned can have a profound effect on a persons well beingmentally and physically, this was expressed through the emotional anddramatic Romantic poems.To summarise, I have learnt that love can lead to happiness, wherethither is trust, love and care between two people to the sexual stress,where you want your partner to give into the sexual side of love tothe end or pass of love, where someone you love dearly dies or theperson you love doesnt feel the same way about you and your loveisnt returned.

Listeria monocytogenes Essay -- Essays Papers

Listeria monocytogenesIntroductionListeria monocytogenes, a motile, gram-positive rod, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen capable of causing listeriosis in humans. Listeriosis includes manifestations of sept shabumia, meningitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis. L. monocytogenes is as well as implicated in miscarriages, stillbirth, and premature birth for pregnant women. L. monocytogenes is a tough bacterium resistant to freezing, drying, and heat near strains have been shown to be pathogenic. It is hypothesized that 1-10% of humans are intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Over 37 mammalian species, including wild and domestic animals, are capable of L. monocytogenes infection and transmission. Extensive environmental reservoirs for L. monocytogenes include soil, water, vegetation, sewage, silage, and the intestinal tract of various animals.EncounterL. monocytogenes is transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The bacterium is associated with raw milk, cheeses, ( particularly soft varieties) ice cream, raw vegetables, fermented raw-meat sausages, raw and cooked poultry, raw meats, and raw and smoked fish. It is capable of growing at temperatures as low as 3C allowing multiplication in refrigerated foods, making L. monocytogenes infection particularly hard to avoid. The infective dose has not been determined, but is believed to vary with the susceptibility of the individual. It may be less than kB bacterium in the immuno-compromised individual.Entry, Multiplication, and SpreadL. monocytogenes initially gains access to the body through the gastrointestinal tract but is capable of infecting the blood through monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The bacterium is also capable of infe... ...s system involvement, the elderly and in persons with other serious medical problems.WorldwideApproximately 2,500 cases of listeriosis are reported every year in the United States. This includes 500 preventable deaths. L. monocytogenes out breaks are still occurring worldwide. Recently, in 2002 contaminated turkey deli meat caused a US outbreak along the east coast and contaminated cheese caused an outbreak in British Columbia. Outbreaks over the past twenty years have involved contaminated chocolate milk, shrimp, lunchmeats, and cheese. A California outbreak in 1985 was due to contaminated Mexican-style cheese. This outbreak led to numerous stillbirths resulting in the monitoring of cheeses by the FDA. Fortunately, according to a study through by The US Department of Health and Human Services, infections with L. monocytogenes have decreased 35 % from 1996 to 2002.

Listening is a Form of Love Essay -- Personal Narrative

Listening is a Form of LoveListening backside be defined as the act of hearing attentively. Love can be defined as a strong redilection or enthusiasm. Listening is indeed a form of love. In my opinion, when you listen to someone or something, that means you are interested in what is being said. I also think listening is a form of caring and of respect. You may care about the person you are listening to or what you are listening to. Listening to a family member can be a form of love. For example, my great-grandfather, Nathaniel Hudson, 92, feels very lonely now because he lives in a nursing home and his family only comes to see him once or twice weekly. He does not really have anyone to talk to. When he comes to my house on the weekends, he is very talkative, telling me everything about his childhood. Most of the cartridge clip he is boring and he repeats himself often, but I know it is because of his age. It is difficult for him to hear me when I respond to him. However, just by me taking a some minutes to listen to his stories makes him feel good because he had someone to talk to. I made hi...